[{"doi":"10.1111/jeb.13756","scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Rui","full_name":"Faria, Rui","last_name":"Faria"},{"last_name":"Johannesson","full_name":"Johannesson, Kerstin","first_name":"Kerstin"},{"first_name":"Sean","id":"43161670-5719-11EA-8025-FABC3DDC885E","last_name":"Stankowski","full_name":"Stankowski, Sean"}],"ddc":["570"],"day":"18","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","volume":34,"article_type":"original","file_date_updated":"2021-02-09T09:04:02Z","date_updated":"2025-07-10T12:01:37Z","title":"Speciation in marine environments: Diving under the surface","date_published":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","_id":"9100","file":[{"file_id":"9108","file_name":"2021_JourEvolBiology_Faria.pdf","date_created":"2021-02-09T09:04:02Z","date_updated":"2021-02-09T09:04:02Z","relation":"main_file","file_size":561340,"success":1,"creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"5755856a5368d4b4cdd6fad5ab27f4d1"}],"status":"public","external_id":{"isi":["000608367500001"]},"publisher":"Wiley","acknowledgement":"We would like to thank all the participants in the speciation symposium of the Marine Evolution Conference in Sweden for the interesting discussions and to all the contributors to this special\r\nissue. We thank Nicolas Bierne and Wolf Blanckenhorn (reviewer and editor, respectively) for valuable suggestions during the revision of the manuscript, and Roger K. Butlin and Anja M. Westram for very helpful comments on a previous draft. We would also like to thank Wolf Blanckenhorn and Nicola Cook, the Editor in Chief and the Managing Editor of the Journal of Evolutionary Biology, respectively, for the encouragement and support in putting together this special issue, and to all reviewers involved. RF was financed by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement Number 706376 and is currently financed by the FEDER Funds through the Operational Competitiveness Factors Program COMPETE and by National Funds through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) within the scope of the project ‘Hybrabbid' (PTDC/BIA-EVL/30628/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030628). KJ was funded by the Swedish\r\nResearch Council, VR. SS was supported by NERC and ERC funding awarded to Roger K. Butlin.","article_processing_charge":"No","issue":"1","oa":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","isi":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1420-9101"],"issn":["1010-061X"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        34","month":"01","page":"4-15","publication":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology","type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-02-07T23:01:13Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Marine environments are inhabited by a broad representation of the tree of life, yet our understanding of speciation in marine ecosystems is extremely limited compared with terrestrial and freshwater environments. Developing a more comprehensive picture of speciation in marine environments requires that we 'dive under the surface' by studying a wider range of taxa and ecosystems is necessary for a more comprehensive picture of speciation. Although studying marine evolutionary processes is often challenging, recent technological advances in different fields, from maritime engineering to genomics, are making it increasingly possible to study speciation of marine life forms across diverse ecosystems and taxa. Motivated by recent research in the field, including the 14 contributions in this issue, we highlight and discuss six axes of research that we think will deepen our understanding of speciation in the marine realm: (a) study a broader range of marine environments and organisms; (b) identify the reproductive barriers driving speciation between marine taxa; (c) understand the role of different genomic architectures underlying reproductive isolation; (d) infer the evolutionary history of divergence using model‐based approaches; (e) study patterns of hybridization and introgression between marine taxa; and (f) implement highly interdisciplinary, collaborative research programmes. In outlining these goals, we hope to inspire researchers to continue filling this critical knowledge gap surrounding the origins of marine biodiversity."}],"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2021","citation":{"ieee":"R. Faria, K. Johannesson, and S. Stankowski, “Speciation in marine environments: Diving under the surface,” <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 34, no. 1. Wiley, pp. 4–15, 2021.","chicago":"Faria, Rui, Kerstin Johannesson, and Sean Stankowski. “Speciation in Marine Environments: Diving under the Surface.” <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. Wiley, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13756\">https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13756</a>.","short":"R. Faria, K. Johannesson, S. Stankowski, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 34 (2021) 4–15.","mla":"Faria, Rui, et al. “Speciation in Marine Environments: Diving under the Surface.” <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 34, no. 1, Wiley, 2021, pp. 4–15, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13756\">10.1111/jeb.13756</a>.","apa":"Faria, R., Johannesson, K., &#38; Stankowski, S. (2021). Speciation in marine environments: Diving under the surface. <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13756\">https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13756</a>","ama":"Faria R, Johannesson K, Stankowski S. Speciation in marine environments: Diving under the surface. <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. 2021;34(1):4-15. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13756\">10.1111/jeb.13756</a>","ista":"Faria R, Johannesson K, Stankowski S. 2021. Speciation in marine environments: Diving under the surface. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 34(1), 4–15."}},{"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"15","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-8441-5075","first_name":"Christelle","last_name":"Fraisse","full_name":"Fraisse, Christelle","id":"32DF5794-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Popovic","full_name":"Popovic, Iva","first_name":"Iva"},{"first_name":"Clément","last_name":"Mazoyer","full_name":"Mazoyer, Clément"},{"first_name":"Bruno","full_name":"Spataro, Bruno","last_name":"Spataro"},{"first_name":"Stéphane","full_name":"Delmotte, Stéphane","last_name":"Delmotte"},{"first_name":"Jonathan","last_name":"Romiguier","full_name":"Romiguier, Jonathan"},{"last_name":"Loire","full_name":"Loire, Étienne","first_name":"Étienne"},{"first_name":"Alexis","full_name":"Simon, Alexis","last_name":"Simon"},{"last_name":"Galtier","full_name":"Galtier, Nicolas","first_name":"Nicolas"},{"first_name":"Laurent","last_name":"Duret","full_name":"Duret, Laurent"},{"last_name":"Bierne","full_name":"Bierne, Nicolas","first_name":"Nicolas"},{"first_name":"Xavier","last_name":"Vekemans","full_name":"Vekemans, Xavier"},{"last_name":"Roux","full_name":"Roux, Camille","first_name":"Camille"}],"scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1111/1755-0998.13323","date_updated":"2025-06-12T06:34:23Z","title":"DILS: Demographic inferences with linked selection by using ABC","article_type":"original","volume":21,"oa_version":"Preprint","_id":"9119","date_published":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","corr_author":"1","oa":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","publisher":"Wiley","pmid":1,"external_id":{"pmid":["33448666"],"isi":["000614183100001"]},"status":"public","isi":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","intvolume":"        21","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1755-0998"],"issn":["1755-098X"]},"publication_status":"published","month":"01","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2021","citation":{"ama":"Fraisse C, Popovic I, Mazoyer C, et al. DILS: Demographic inferences with linked selection by using ABC. <i>Molecular Ecology Resources</i>. 2021;21:2629-2644. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13323\">10.1111/1755-0998.13323</a>","short":"C. Fraisse, I. Popovic, C. Mazoyer, B. Spataro, S. Delmotte, J. Romiguier, É. Loire, A. Simon, N. Galtier, L. Duret, N. Bierne, X. Vekemans, C. Roux, Molecular Ecology Resources 21 (2021) 2629–2644.","apa":"Fraisse, C., Popovic, I., Mazoyer, C., Spataro, B., Delmotte, S., Romiguier, J., … Roux, C. (2021). DILS: Demographic inferences with linked selection by using ABC. <i>Molecular Ecology Resources</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13323\">https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13323</a>","mla":"Fraisse, Christelle, et al. “DILS: Demographic Inferences with Linked Selection by Using ABC.” <i>Molecular Ecology Resources</i>, vol. 21, Wiley, 2021, pp. 2629–44, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13323\">10.1111/1755-0998.13323</a>.","ista":"Fraisse C, Popovic I, Mazoyer C, Spataro B, Delmotte S, Romiguier J, Loire É, Simon A, Galtier N, Duret L, Bierne N, Vekemans X, Roux C. 2021. DILS: Demographic inferences with linked selection by using ABC. Molecular Ecology Resources. 21, 2629–2644.","ieee":"C. Fraisse <i>et al.</i>, “DILS: Demographic inferences with linked selection by using ABC,” <i>Molecular Ecology Resources</i>, vol. 21. Wiley, pp. 2629–2644, 2021.","chicago":"Fraisse, Christelle, Iva Popovic, Clément Mazoyer, Bruno Spataro, Stéphane Delmotte, Jonathan Romiguier, Étienne Loire, et al. “DILS: Demographic Inferences with Linked Selection by Using ABC.” <i>Molecular Ecology Resources</i>. Wiley, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13323\">https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13323</a>."},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We present DILS, a deployable statistical analysis platform for conducting demographic inferences with linked selection from population genomic data using an Approximate Bayesian Computation framework. DILS takes as input single‐population or two‐population data sets (multilocus fasta sequences) and performs three types of analyses in a hierarchical manner, identifying: (a) the best demographic model to study the importance of gene flow and population size change on the genetic patterns of polymorphism and divergence, (b) the best genomic model to determine whether the effective size Ne and migration rate N, m are heterogeneously distributed along the genome (implying linked selection) and (c) loci in genomic regions most associated with barriers to gene flow. Also available via a Web interface, an objective of DILS is to facilitate collaborative research in speciation genomics. Here, we show the performance and limitations of DILS by using simulations and finally apply the method to published data on a divergence continuum composed by 28 pairs of Mytilus mussel populations/species."}],"date_created":"2021-02-14T23:01:14Z","type":"journal_article","publication":"Molecular Ecology Resources","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.151597v2","open_access":"1"}],"page":"2629-2644"},{"contributor":[{"contributor_type":"project_member","id":"455235B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Surendranadh","first_name":"Parvathy"},{"last_name":"Arathoon","contributor_type":"project_member","id":"2CFCFF98-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Louise S"},{"id":"3B4A7CE2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","contributor_type":"project_member","last_name":"Baskett","first_name":"Carina"},{"contributor_type":"project_member","id":"419049E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Field","orcid":"0000-0002-4014-8478","first_name":"David"},{"contributor_type":"project_member","id":"2C78037E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Pickup","first_name":"Melinda","orcid":"0000-0001-6118-0541"},{"contributor_type":"project_leader","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240"}],"date_published":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","_id":"9192","month":"02","date_created":"2021-02-24T17:49:21Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Here are the research data underlying the publication \" Effects of fine-scale population structure on inbreeding in a long-term study of snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus).\" Further information are summed up in the README document."}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","article_processing_charge":"No","year":"2021","citation":{"ieee":"P. Surendranadh, L. S. Arathoon, C. Baskett, D. Field, M. Pickup, and N. H. Barton, “Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021.","chicago":"Surendranadh, Parvathy, Louise S Arathoon, Carina Baskett, David Field, Melinda Pickup, and Nicholas H Barton. “Effects of Fine-Scale Population Structure on the Distribution of Heterozygosity in a Long-Term Study of Antirrhinum Majus.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192</a>.","short":"P. Surendranadh, L.S. Arathoon, C. Baskett, D. Field, M. Pickup, N.H. Barton, (2021).","apa":"Surendranadh, P., Arathoon, L. S., Baskett, C., Field, D., Pickup, M., &#38; Barton, N. H. (2021). Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192</a>","mla":"Surendranadh, Parvathy, et al. <i>Effects of Fine-Scale Population Structure on the Distribution of Heterozygosity in a Long-Term Study of Antirrhinum Majus</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192</a>.","ama":"Surendranadh P, Arathoon LS, Baskett C, Field D, Pickup M, Barton NH. Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus. 2021. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192</a>","ista":"Surendranadh P, Arathoon LS, Baskett C, Field D, Pickup M, Barton NH. 2021. Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192</a>."},"oa":1,"type":"research_data","file":[{"checksum":"f85537815809a8a4b7da9d01163f88c0","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","creator":"larathoo","file_size":5934452,"file_id":"9193","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2021-02-24T17:45:13Z","date_created":"2021-02-24T17:45:13Z","file_name":"Data_Code.zip"}],"status":"public","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"earlier_version","status":"public","id":"8254"},{"relation":"later_version","status":"public","id":"11321"},{"status":"public","id":"11411","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"NiBa"}],"doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:9192","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","has_accepted_license":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Parvathy","orcid":"0000-0001-6395-386X","id":"455235B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Surendranadh, Parvathy","last_name":"Surendranadh"},{"first_name":"Louise S","orcid":"0000-0003-1771-714X","id":"2CFCFF98-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Arathoon","full_name":"Arathoon, Louise S"},{"first_name":"Carina","orcid":"0000-0002-7354-8574","full_name":"Baskett, Carina","last_name":"Baskett","id":"3B4A7CE2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"419049E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Field, David","last_name":"Field","first_name":"David","orcid":"0000-0002-4014-8478"},{"first_name":"Melinda","orcid":"0000-0001-6118-0541","id":"2C78037E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Pickup","full_name":"Pickup, Melinda"},{"first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"ddc":["576"],"day":"26","title":"Effects of fine-scale population structure on the distribution of heterozygosity in a long-term study of Antirrhinum majus","date_updated":"2025-04-15T08:20:40Z","oa_version":"Published Version","file_date_updated":"2021-02-24T17:45:13Z"},{"file":[{"file_size":734102,"file_id":"9886","file_name":"2021_Evolution_Szep.pdf","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2021-08-11T13:39:19Z","date_created":"2021-08-11T13:39:19Z","checksum":"b90fb5767d623602046fed03725e16ca","success":1,"creator":"kschuh","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"status":"public","external_id":{"pmid":["33742441"],"isi":["000636966300001"]},"pmid":1,"acknowledgement":"We thank the reviewers for their helpful comments, and also our colleagues, for illuminating discussions over the long gestation of this paper.","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","oa":1,"issue":"5","publisher":"Wiley","corr_author":"1","_id":"9252","date_published":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","file_date_updated":"2021-08-11T13:39:19Z","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":75,"title":"Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: A stochastic eco‐evolutionary model","date_updated":"2025-06-12T06:35:39Z","author":[{"first_name":"Eniko","last_name":"Szep","full_name":"Szep, Eniko","id":"485BB5A4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"42377A0A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sachdeva, Himani","last_name":"Sachdeva","first_name":"Himani"},{"first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton"}],"ddc":["570"],"day":"01","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1111/evo.14210","has_accepted_license":"1","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"13062","status":"public"}]},"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Evolution","type":"journal_article","page":"1030-1045","year":"2021","citation":{"chicago":"Szep, Eniko, Himani Sachdeva, and Nicholas H Barton. “Polygenic Local Adaptation in Metapopulations: A Stochastic Eco‐evolutionary Model.” <i>Evolution</i>. Wiley, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14210\">https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14210</a>.","ieee":"E. Szep, H. Sachdeva, and N. H. Barton, “Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: A stochastic eco‐evolutionary model,” <i>Evolution</i>, vol. 75, no. 5. Wiley, pp. 1030–1045, 2021.","ista":"Szep E, Sachdeva H, Barton NH. 2021. Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: A stochastic eco‐evolutionary model. Evolution. 75(5), 1030–1045.","apa":"Szep, E., Sachdeva, H., &#38; Barton, N. H. (2021). Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: A stochastic eco‐evolutionary model. <i>Evolution</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14210\">https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14210</a>","short":"E. Szep, H. Sachdeva, N.H. Barton, Evolution 75 (2021) 1030–1045.","mla":"Szep, Eniko, et al. “Polygenic Local Adaptation in Metapopulations: A Stochastic Eco‐evolutionary Model.” <i>Evolution</i>, vol. 75, no. 5, Wiley, 2021, pp. 1030–45, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14210\">10.1111/evo.14210</a>.","ama":"Szep E, Sachdeva H, Barton NH. Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: A stochastic eco‐evolutionary model. <i>Evolution</i>. 2021;75(5):1030-1045. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14210\">10.1111/evo.14210</a>"},"quality_controlled":"1","date_created":"2021-03-20T08:22:10Z","abstract":[{"text":"This paper analyses the conditions for local adaptation in a metapopulation with infinitely many islands under a model of hard selection, where population size depends on local fitness. Each island belongs to one of two distinct ecological niches or habitats. Fitness is influenced by an additive trait which is under habitat‐dependent directional selection. Our analysis is based on the diffusion approximation and accounts for both genetic drift and demographic stochasticity. By neglecting linkage disequilibria, it yields the joint distribution of allele frequencies and population size on each island. We find that under hard selection, the conditions for local adaptation in a rare habitat are more restrictive for more polygenic traits: even moderate migration load per locus at very many loci is sufficient for population sizes to decline. This further reduces the efficacy of selection at individual loci due to increased drift and because smaller populations are more prone to swamping due to migration, causing a positive feedback between increasing maladaptation and declining population sizes. Our analysis also highlights the importance of demographic stochasticity, which exacerbates the decline in numbers of maladapted populations, leading to population collapse in the rare habitat at significantly lower migration than predicted by deterministic arguments.","lang":"eng"}],"month":"05","keyword":["Genetics","Ecology","Evolution","Behavior and Systematics","General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1558-5646"],"issn":["0014-3820"]},"intvolume":"        75","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)"},"isi":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","isi":1,"intvolume":"        75","keyword":["Genetics","Ecology","Evolution","Behavior and Systematics","General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1558-5646"],"issn":["0014-3820"]},"month":"04","year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ieee":"R. K. Butlin <i>et al.</i>, “Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or why are there so few/many species?,” <i>Evolution</i>, vol. 75, no. 5. Wiley, pp. 978–988, 2021.","chicago":"Butlin, Roger K., Maria R. Servedio, Carole M. Smadja, Claudia Bank, Nicholas H Barton, Samuel M. Flaxman, Tatiana Giraud, et al. “Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or Why Are There so Few/Many Species?” <i>Evolution</i>. Wiley, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14235\">https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14235</a>.","ama":"Butlin RK, Servedio MR, Smadja CM, et al. Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or why are there so few/many species? <i>Evolution</i>. 2021;75(5):978-988. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14235\">10.1111/evo.14235</a>","mla":"Butlin, Roger K., et al. “Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or Why Are There so Few/Many Species?” <i>Evolution</i>, vol. 75, no. 5, Wiley, 2021, pp. 978–88, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14235\">10.1111/evo.14235</a>.","apa":"Butlin, R. K., Servedio, M. R., Smadja, C. M., Bank, C., Barton, N. H., Flaxman, S. M., … Qvarnström, A. (2021). Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or why are there so few/many species? <i>Evolution</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14235\">https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14235</a>","short":"R.K. Butlin, M.R. Servedio, C.M. Smadja, C. Bank, N.H. Barton, S.M. Flaxman, T. Giraud, R. Hopkins, E.L. Larson, M.E. Maan, J. Meier, R. Merrill, M.A.F. Noor, D. Ortiz‐Barrientos, A. Qvarnström, Evolution 75 (2021) 978–988.","ista":"Butlin RK, Servedio MR, Smadja CM, Bank C, Barton NH, Flaxman SM, Giraud T, Hopkins R, Larson EL, Maan ME, Meier J, Merrill R, Noor MAF, Ortiz‐Barrientos D, Qvarnström A. 2021. Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or why are there so few/many species? Evolution. 75(5), 978–988."},"date_created":"2021-05-06T04:34:47Z","abstract":[{"text":"If there are no constraints on the process of speciation, then the number of species might be expected to match the number of available niches and this number might be indefinitely large. One possible constraint is the opportunity for allopatric divergence. In 1981, Felsenstein used a simple and elegant model to ask if there might also be genetic constraints. He showed that progress towards speciation could be described by the build‐up of linkage disequilibrium among divergently selected loci and between these loci and those contributing to other forms of reproductive isolation. Therefore, speciation is opposed by recombination, because it tends to break down linkage disequilibria. Felsenstein then introduced a crucial distinction between “two‐allele” models, which are subject to this effect, and “one‐allele” models, which are free from the recombination constraint. These fundamentally important insights have been the foundation for both empirical and theoretical studies of speciation ever since.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","publication":"Evolution","page":"978-988","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/evo.14235","open_access":"1"}],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Roger K.","last_name":"Butlin","full_name":"Butlin, Roger K."},{"first_name":"Maria R.","full_name":"Servedio, Maria R.","last_name":"Servedio"},{"full_name":"Smadja, Carole M.","last_name":"Smadja","first_name":"Carole M."},{"full_name":"Bank, Claudia","last_name":"Bank","first_name":"Claudia"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Samuel M.","last_name":"Flaxman","full_name":"Flaxman, Samuel M."},{"first_name":"Tatiana","last_name":"Giraud","full_name":"Giraud, Tatiana"},{"first_name":"Robin","last_name":"Hopkins","full_name":"Hopkins, Robin"},{"full_name":"Larson, Erica L.","last_name":"Larson","first_name":"Erica L."},{"last_name":"Maan","full_name":"Maan, Martine E.","first_name":"Martine E."},{"first_name":"Joana","full_name":"Meier, Joana","last_name":"Meier"},{"first_name":"Richard","full_name":"Merrill, Richard","last_name":"Merrill"},{"first_name":"Mohamed A. F.","last_name":"Noor","full_name":"Noor, Mohamed A. F."},{"last_name":"Ortiz‐Barrientos","full_name":"Ortiz‐Barrientos, Daniel","first_name":"Daniel"},{"full_name":"Qvarnström, Anna","last_name":"Qvarnström","first_name":"Anna"}],"ddc":["570"],"day":"19","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1111/evo.14235","date_updated":"2026-06-18T19:48:42Z","title":"Homage to Felsenstein 1981, or why are there so few/many species?","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":75,"_id":"9374","date_published":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"RKB was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/P012272/1 & NE/P001610/1), the European Research Council (693030 BARRIERS), and the Swedish Research Council (VR) (2018‐03695). MRS was funded by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. DEB1939290).","article_processing_charge":"No","issue":"5","oa":1,"publisher":"Wiley","status":"public","external_id":{"isi":["000647224000001"]}},{"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)"},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","isi":1,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["0027-8424"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       118","month":"06","publication":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","type":"journal_article","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2021","citation":{"chicago":"Meier, Joana I., Patricio A. Salazar, Marek Kučka, Robert William Davies, Andreea Dréau, Ismael Aldás, Olivia Box Power, et al. “Haplotype Tagging Reveals Parallel Formation of Hybrid Races in Two Butterfly Species.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015005118\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015005118</a>.","ieee":"J. I. Meier <i>et al.</i>, “Haplotype tagging reveals parallel formation of hybrid races in two butterfly species,” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>, vol. 118, no. 25. National Academy of Sciences, 2021.","ista":"Meier JI, Salazar PA, Kučka M, Davies RW, Dréau A, Aldás I, Power OB, Nadeau NJ, Bridle JR, Rolian C, Barton NH, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD, Chan YF. 2021. Haplotype tagging reveals parallel formation of hybrid races in two butterfly species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118(25), e2015005118.","mla":"Meier, Joana I., et al. “Haplotype Tagging Reveals Parallel Formation of Hybrid Races in Two Butterfly Species.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>, vol. 118, no. 25, e2015005118, National Academy of Sciences, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015005118\">10.1073/pnas.2015005118</a>.","short":"J.I. Meier, P.A. Salazar, M. Kučka, R.W. Davies, A. Dréau, I. Aldás, O.B. Power, N.J. Nadeau, J.R. Bridle, C. Rolian, N.H. Barton, W.O. McMillan, C.D. Jiggins, Y.F. Chan, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 (2021).","apa":"Meier, J. I., Salazar, P. A., Kučka, M., Davies, R. W., Dréau, A., Aldás, I., … Chan, Y. F. (2021). Haplotype tagging reveals parallel formation of hybrid races in two butterfly species. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015005118\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015005118</a>","ama":"Meier JI, Salazar PA, Kučka M, et al. Haplotype tagging reveals parallel formation of hybrid races in two butterfly species. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 2021;118(25). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015005118\">10.1073/pnas.2015005118</a>"},"abstract":[{"text":"Genetic variation segregates as linked sets of variants, or haplotypes. Haplotypes and linkage are central to genetics and underpin virtually all genetic and selection analysis. And yet, genomic data often lack haplotype information, due to constraints in sequencing technologies. Here we present “haplotagging”, a simple, low-cost linked-read sequencing technique that allows sequencing of hundreds of individuals while retaining linkage information. We apply haplotagging to construct megabase-size haplotypes for over 600 individual butterflies (Heliconius erato and H. melpomene), which form overlapping hybrid zones across an elevational gradient in Ecuador. Haplotagging identifies loci controlling distinctive high- and lowland wing color patterns. Divergent haplotypes are found at the same major loci in both species, while chromosome rearrangements show no parallelism. Remarkably, in both species the geographic clines for the major wing pattern loci are displaced by 18 km, leading to the rise of a novel hybrid morph in the centre of the hybrid zone. We propose that shared warning signalling (Müllerian mimicry) may couple the cline shifts seen in both species, and facilitate the parallel co-emergence of a novel hybrid morph in both co-mimetic species. Our results show the power of efficient haplotyping methods when combined with large-scale sequencing data from natural populations.","lang":"eng"}],"date_created":"2021-05-07T17:10:21Z","day":"21","ddc":["570"],"author":[{"first_name":"Joana I.","last_name":"Meier","full_name":"Meier, Joana I."},{"first_name":"Patricio A.","full_name":"Salazar, Patricio A.","last_name":"Salazar"},{"first_name":"Marek","last_name":"Kučka","full_name":"Kučka, Marek"},{"full_name":"Davies, Robert William","last_name":"Davies","first_name":"Robert William"},{"first_name":"Andreea","last_name":"Dréau","full_name":"Dréau, Andreea"},{"last_name":"Aldás","full_name":"Aldás, Ismael","first_name":"Ismael"},{"last_name":"Power","full_name":"Power, Olivia Box","first_name":"Olivia Box"},{"full_name":"Nadeau, Nicola J.","last_name":"Nadeau","first_name":"Nicola J."},{"last_name":"Bridle","full_name":"Bridle, Jon R.","first_name":"Jon R."},{"first_name":"Campbell","full_name":"Rolian, Campbell","last_name":"Rolian"},{"last_name":"Barton","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","first_name":"Nicholas H"},{"first_name":"W. Owen","last_name":"McMillan","full_name":"McMillan, W. Owen"},{"last_name":"Jiggins","full_name":"Jiggins, Chris D.","first_name":"Chris D."},{"first_name":"Yingguang Frank","full_name":"Chan, Yingguang Frank","last_name":"Chan"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2015005118","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2022-03-08T08:18:16Z","article_type":"original","article_number":"e2015005118","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":118,"title":"Haplotype tagging reveals parallel formation of hybrid races in two butterfly species","date_updated":"2025-05-14T10:58:04Z","_id":"9375","date_published":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","pmid":1,"file":[{"success":1,"creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"cb30c6166b2132ee60d616b31a1a7c29","file_id":"10835","file_name":"2021_PNAS_Meier.pdf","date_updated":"2022-03-08T08:18:16Z","date_created":"2022-03-08T08:18:16Z","relation":"main_file","file_size":20592929}],"status":"public","external_id":{"pmid":["34155138"],"isi":["000671755600001"]},"issue":"25","oa":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","acknowledgement":"We thank Felicity Jones for input into experimental design, helpful discussion and improving the manuscript. We thank the Rolian, Jiggins, Chan and Jones Labs members for support, insightful scientific discussion and improving the manuscript. We thank the Rolian lab members, the Animal Resource Centre staff at the University of Calgary, and Caroline Schmid and Ann-Katrin Geysel at the Friedrich Miescher Laboratory for animal husbandry. We thank Christa Lanz, Rebecca Schwab and Ilja Bezrukov for assistance with high-throughput sequencing and associated data processing; Andre Noll and the MPI Tübingen IT team for computational support. We thank Ben Haller and Richard Durbin for helpful discussions. We thank David M. Kingsley for thoughtful input that has greatly improved our manuscript. J.I.M. is supported by a Research Fellowship from St. John’s College, Cambridge. A.D. was supported by a European Research Council Consolidator Grant (No. 617279 “EvolRecombAdapt”, P/I Felicity Jones). C.R. is supported by Discovery Grant #4181932 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Calgary. C.D.J. is supported by a BBSRC grant BB/R007500 and a European Research Council Advanced Grant (No. 339873 “SpeciationGenetics”). M.K. and Y.F.C. are supported by the Max Planck Society and a European Research Council Starting Grant (No. 639096 “HybridMiX”).","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences"},{"_id":"9383","date_published":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","issue":"6","oa":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","acknowledgement":"We thank M. Garlovsky, S. Martin, C. Cooney, C. Roux, J. Larson, and J. Mallet for critical feedback and for discussion. K. Lohse, M. de la Cámara, J. Cerca, M. A. Chase, C. Baskett, A. M. Westram, and N. H. Barton gave feedback on a draft of the manuscript. O. Seehausen, two anonymous reviewers, and the AE (Michael Kopp) provided comments that greatly improved the manuscript. V. Holzmann made many corrections to the proofs. G. Bisschop and K. Lohse kindly contributed the simulations and analyses presented in Box 3. We would also like to extend our thanks to everyone who took part in the speciation survey, which received ethical approval through the University of Sheffield Ethics Review Procedure (Application 029768). We are especially grateful to R. K. Butlin for stimulating discussion throughout the writing of the manuscript and for feedback on an earlier draft.","publisher":"Oxford University Press","file":[{"success":1,"creator":"kschuh","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","checksum":"96f6ccf15d95a4e9f7c0b27eee570fa6","file_id":"10921","file_name":"2021_Evolution_Stankowski.pdf","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2022-03-25T12:02:04Z","date_updated":"2022-03-25T12:02:04Z","file_size":719991}],"status":"public","external_id":{"isi":["000647226400001"]},"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ddc":["570"],"day":"22","author":[{"id":"43161670-5719-11EA-8025-FABC3DDC885E","last_name":"Stankowski","full_name":"Stankowski, Sean","first_name":"Sean"},{"full_name":"Ravinet, Mark","last_name":"Ravinet","first_name":"Mark"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1111/evo.14215","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","title":"Defining the speciation continuum","date_updated":"2023-10-18T08:16:01Z","file_date_updated":"2022-03-25T12:02:04Z","article_type":"original","volume":75,"oa_version":"Published Version","month":"03","year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"chicago":"Stankowski, Sean, and Mark Ravinet. “Defining the Speciation Continuum.” <i>Evolution</i>. Oxford University Press, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14215\">https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14215</a>.","ieee":"S. Stankowski and M. Ravinet, “Defining the speciation continuum,” <i>Evolution</i>, vol. 75, no. 6. Oxford University Press, pp. 1256–1273, 2021.","ista":"Stankowski S, Ravinet M. 2021. Defining the speciation continuum. Evolution. 75(6), 1256–1273.","ama":"Stankowski S, Ravinet M. Defining the speciation continuum. <i>Evolution</i>. 2021;75(6):1256-1273. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14215\">10.1111/evo.14215</a>","short":"S. Stankowski, M. Ravinet, Evolution 75 (2021) 1256–1273.","mla":"Stankowski, Sean, and Mark Ravinet. “Defining the Speciation Continuum.” <i>Evolution</i>, vol. 75, no. 6, Oxford University Press, 2021, pp. 1256–73, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14215\">10.1111/evo.14215</a>.","apa":"Stankowski, S., &#38; Ravinet, M. (2021). Defining the speciation continuum. <i>Evolution</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14215\">https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14215</a>"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A primary roadblock to our understanding of speciation is that it usually occurs over a timeframe that is too long to study from start to finish. The idea of a speciation continuum provides something of a solution to this problem; rather than observing the entire process, we can simply reconstruct it from the multitude of speciation events that surround us. But what do we really mean when we talk about the speciation continuum, and can it really help us understand speciation? We explored these questions using a literature review and online survey of speciation researchers. Although most researchers were familiar with the concept and thought it was useful, our survey revealed extensive disagreement about what the speciation continuum actually tells us. This is due partly to the lack of a clear definition. Here, we provide an explicit definition that is compatible with the Biological Species Concept. That is, the speciation continuum is a continuum of reproductive isolation. After outlining the logic of the definition in light of alternatives, we explain why attempts to reconstruct the speciation process from present‐day populations will ultimately fail. We then outline how we think the speciation continuum concept can continue to act as a foundation for understanding the continuum of reproductive isolation that surrounds us."}],"date_created":"2021-05-09T22:01:39Z","type":"journal_article","publication":"Evolution","page":"1256-1273","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY-NC (4.0)"},"isi":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","intvolume":"        75","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1558-5646"],"issn":["0014-3820"]}},{"month":"05","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060","open_access":"1"}],"page":"R428-R429","publication":"Current Biology","type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"text":"Humans conceptualize the diversity of life by classifying individuals into types we call ‘species’1. The species we recognize influence political and financial decisions and guide our understanding of how units of diversity evolve and interact. Although the idea of species may seem intuitive, a debate about the best way to define them has raged even before Darwin2. So much energy has been devoted to the so-called ‘species problem’ that no amount of discourse will ever likely solve it2,3. Dozens of species concepts are currently recognized3, but we lack a concrete understanding of how much researchers actually disagree and the factors that cause them to think differently1,2. To address this, we used a survey to quantify the species problem for the first time. The results indicate that the disagreement is extensive: two randomly chosen respondents will most likely disagree on the nature of species. The probability of disagreement is not predicted by researcher experience or broad study system, but tended to be lower among researchers with similar focus, training and who study the same organism. Should we see this diversity of perspectives as a problem? We argue that we should not.","lang":"eng"}],"date_created":"2021-05-16T22:01:46Z","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ista":"Stankowski S, Ravinet M. 2021. Quantifying the use of species concepts. Current Biology. 31(9), R428–R429.","ama":"Stankowski S, Ravinet M. Quantifying the use of species concepts. <i>Current Biology</i>. 2021;31(9):R428-R429. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060\">10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060</a>","short":"S. Stankowski, M. Ravinet, Current Biology 31 (2021) R428–R429.","mla":"Stankowski, Sean, and Mark Ravinet. “Quantifying the Use of Species Concepts.” <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 31, no. 9, Cell Press, 2021, pp. R428–29, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060\">10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060</a>.","apa":"Stankowski, S., &#38; Ravinet, M. (2021). Quantifying the use of species concepts. <i>Current Biology</i>. Cell Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060</a>","chicago":"Stankowski, Sean, and Mark Ravinet. “Quantifying the Use of Species Concepts.” <i>Current Biology</i>. Cell Press, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060</a>.","ieee":"S. Stankowski and M. Ravinet, “Quantifying the use of species concepts,” <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 31, no. 9. Cell Press, pp. R428–R429, 2021."},"year":"2021","isi":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0960-9822"],"eissn":["1879-0445"]},"intvolume":"        31","corr_author":"1","date_published":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","_id":"9392","pmid":1,"status":"public","external_id":{"isi":["000654741200004"],"pmid":["33974865"]},"publisher":"Cell Press","oa":1,"issue":"9","article_processing_charge":"No","acknowledgement":"We thank Christopher Cooney, Martin Garlovsky, Anja M. Westram, Carina Baskett, Stefanie Belohlavy, Michal Hledik, Arka Pal, Nicholas H. Barton, Roger K. Butlin and members of the University of Sheffield Speciation Journal Club for feedback on draft survey questions and/or comments on a draft manuscript. Three anonymous reviewers gave thoughtful feedback that improved the manuscript. We thank Ahmad Nadeem, who was paid to build the Shiny app. We are especially grateful to everyone who took part in the survey. Ethical approval for the survey was obtained through the University of Sheffield Ethics Review Procedure (Application 029768). S.S. was supported by a NERC grant awarded to Roger K. Butlin.","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060","ddc":["570"],"day":"10","author":[{"id":"43161670-5719-11EA-8025-FABC3DDC885E","last_name":"Stankowski","full_name":"Stankowski, Sean","first_name":"Sean"},{"full_name":"Ravinet, Mark","last_name":"Ravinet","first_name":"Mark"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","volume":31,"article_type":"original","title":"Quantifying the use of species concepts","date_updated":"2026-06-18T19:49:12Z"},{"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"cchlebak","success":1,"checksum":"023b1608e311f0fda30593ba3d0a4e0b","date_updated":"2021-10-15T08:26:02Z","date_created":"2021-10-15T08:26:02Z","relation":"main_file","file_name":"2021_EvolutionLetters_Koch.pdf","file_id":"10142","file_size":3021108}],"status":"public","external_id":{"isi":["000647846200001"]},"issue":"3","oa":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","acknowledgement":"We are very grateful to Irena Senčić for technical assistance and to Michelle Kortyna and Sean Holland at the Center for Anchored Phylogenomics for assistance with data collection. RKB was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council and by the European Research Council. KJ was funded by the Swedish Research Councils VR and Formas (Linnaeus Grant: 217‐2008‐1719). JL was funded by a studentship from the Leverhulme Centre for Advanced Biological Modelling. AMW was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Grant agreement no. 797747. RF was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska‐Curie Grant agreement No. 706376 and by FEDER Funds through the Operational Competitiveness Factors Program—COMPETE and by National Funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of the project “Hybrabbid” (PTDC/BIA‐EVL/30628/2017‐ POCI‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐030628). We are grateful to other members of the Littorina research group for helpful discussions. We thank Claire Mérot and an anonymous referee for insightful comments on an earlier version. ","publisher":"Wiley","_id":"9394","date_published":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","file_date_updated":"2021-10-15T08:26:02Z","article_type":"original","volume":5,"oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"grant_number":"797747","_id":"265B41B8-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding Parallel Adaptation","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"ec_funded":1,"date_updated":"2026-04-07T14:01:29Z","title":"Genetic variation for adaptive traits is associated with polymorphic inversions in Littorina saxatilis","ddc":["570"],"day":"07","author":[{"full_name":"Koch, Eva L.","last_name":"Koch","first_name":"Eva L."},{"last_name":"Morales","full_name":"Morales, Hernán E.","first_name":"Hernán E."},{"first_name":"Jenny","last_name":"Larsson","full_name":"Larsson, Jenny"},{"first_name":"Anja M","orcid":"0000-0003-1050-4969","full_name":"Westram, Anja M","last_name":"Westram","id":"3C147470-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Faria","full_name":"Faria, Rui","first_name":"Rui"},{"full_name":"Lemmon, Alan R.","last_name":"Lemmon","first_name":"Alan R."},{"full_name":"Lemmon, E. Moriarty","last_name":"Lemmon","first_name":"E. Moriarty"},{"first_name":"Kerstin","last_name":"Johannesson","full_name":"Johannesson, Kerstin"},{"first_name":"Roger K.","full_name":"Butlin, Roger K.","last_name":"Butlin"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","doi":"10.1002/evl3.227","scopus_import":"1","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"12987","relation":"research_data"}]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Evolution Letters","type":"journal_article","page":"196-213","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2021","citation":{"short":"E.L. Koch, H.E. Morales, J. Larsson, A.M. Westram, R. Faria, A.R. Lemmon, E.M. Lemmon, K. Johannesson, R.K. Butlin, Evolution Letters 5 (2021) 196–213.","apa":"Koch, E. L., Morales, H. E., Larsson, J., Westram, A. M., Faria, R., Lemmon, A. R., … Butlin, R. K. (2021). Genetic variation for adaptive traits is associated with polymorphic inversions in Littorina saxatilis. <i>Evolution Letters</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.227\">https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.227</a>","mla":"Koch, Eva L., et al. “Genetic Variation for Adaptive Traits Is Associated with Polymorphic Inversions in Littorina Saxatilis.” <i>Evolution Letters</i>, vol. 5, no. 3, Wiley, 2021, pp. 196–213, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.227\">10.1002/evl3.227</a>.","ama":"Koch EL, Morales HE, Larsson J, et al. Genetic variation for adaptive traits is associated with polymorphic inversions in Littorina saxatilis. <i>Evolution Letters</i>. 2021;5(3):196-213. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.227\">10.1002/evl3.227</a>","ista":"Koch EL, Morales HE, Larsson J, Westram AM, Faria R, Lemmon AR, Lemmon EM, Johannesson K, Butlin RK. 2021. Genetic variation for adaptive traits is associated with polymorphic inversions in Littorina saxatilis. Evolution Letters. 5(3), 196–213.","ieee":"E. L. Koch <i>et al.</i>, “Genetic variation for adaptive traits is associated with polymorphic inversions in Littorina saxatilis,” <i>Evolution Letters</i>, vol. 5, no. 3. Wiley, pp. 196–213, 2021.","chicago":"Koch, Eva L., Hernán E. Morales, Jenny Larsson, Anja M Westram, Rui Faria, Alan R. Lemmon, E. Moriarty Lemmon, Kerstin Johannesson, and Roger K. Butlin. “Genetic Variation for Adaptive Traits Is Associated with Polymorphic Inversions in Littorina Saxatilis.” <i>Evolution Letters</i>. Wiley, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.227\">https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.227</a>."},"abstract":[{"text":"Chromosomal inversions have long been recognized for their role in local adaptation. By suppressing recombination in heterozygous individuals, they can maintain coadapted gene complexes and protect them from homogenizing effects of gene flow. However, to fully understand their importance for local adaptation we need to know their influence on phenotypes under divergent selection. For this, the marine snail Littorina saxatilis provides an ideal study system. Divergent ecotypes adapted to wave action and crab predation occur in close proximity on intertidal shores with gene flow between them. Here, we used F2 individuals obtained from crosses between the ecotypes to test for associations between genomic regions and traits distinguishing the Crab‐/Wave‐adapted ecotypes including size, shape, shell thickness, and behavior. We show that most of these traits are influenced by two previously detected inversion regions that are divergent between ecotypes. We thus gain a better understanding of one important underlying mechanism responsible for the rapid and repeated formation of ecotypes: divergent selection acting on inversions. We also found that some inversions contributed to more than one trait suggesting that they may contain several loci involved in adaptation, consistent with the hypothesis that suppression of recombination within inversions facilitates differentiation in the presence of gene flow.","lang":"eng"}],"date_created":"2021-05-16T22:01:47Z","month":"05","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2056-3744"]},"intvolume":"         5","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","isi":1},{"status":"public","file":[{"checksum":"9c13c1f5af7609c97c741f11d293188a","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"kschuh","success":1,"file_size":726759,"date_updated":"2021-05-25T14:09:03Z","date_created":"2021-05-25T14:09:03Z","relation":"main_file","file_name":"2021_BiologyLetters_Lagator.pdf","file_id":"9425"}],"external_id":{"pmid":[" 33975485"],"isi":["000651501400001"]},"pmid":1,"publisher":"Royal Society of London","acknowledgement":"We would like to thank Martin Ackermann, Camilo Barbosa, Nick Barton, Jonathan Bollback, Sebastian Bonhoeffer, Nick Colegrave, Calin Guet, Alex Hall, Sally Otto, Tiago Paixao, Srdjan Sarikas, Hinrich Schulenburg, Marjon de Vos and Michael Whitlock for insightful support.","article_processing_charge":"No","oa":1,"issue":"5","corr_author":"1","date_published":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","_id":"9410","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":17,"article_number":"20200913","file_date_updated":"2021-05-25T14:09:03Z","title":"Adaptation at different points along antibiotic concentration gradients","date_updated":"2026-04-02T14:02:44Z","ec_funded":1,"project":[{"call_identifier":"FP7","name":"Limits to selection in biology and in evolutionary computation","grant_number":"250152","_id":"25B07788-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"doi":"10.1098/rsbl.2020.0913","scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Mato","full_name":"Lagator, Mato","last_name":"Lagator","id":"345D25EC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-9435-2813","first_name":"Hildegard","id":"2DB8F68A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Uecker","full_name":"Uecker, Hildegard"},{"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Neve","full_name":"Neve, Paul"}],"day":"12","ddc":["570"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"publication":"Biology letters","type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-05-23T22:01:43Z","abstract":[{"text":"Antibiotic concentrations vary dramatically in the body and the environment. Hence, understanding the dynamics of resistance evolution along antibiotic concentration gradients is critical for predicting and slowing the emergence and spread of resistance. While it has been shown that increasing the concentration of an antibiotic slows resistance evolution, how adaptation to one antibiotic concentration correlates with fitness at other points along the gradient has not received much attention. Here, we selected populations of Escherichia coli at several points along a concentration gradient for three different antibiotics, asking how rapidly resistance evolved and whether populations became specialized to the antibiotic concentration they were selected on. Populations selected at higher concentrations evolved resistance more slowly but exhibited equal or higher fitness across the whole gradient. Populations selected at lower concentrations evolved resistance rapidly, but overall fitness in the presence of antibiotics was lower. However, these populations readily adapted to higher concentrations upon subsequent selection. Our results indicate that resistance management strategies must account not only for the rates of resistance evolution but also for the fitness of evolved strains.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"ieee":"M. Lagator, H. Uecker, and P. Neve, “Adaptation at different points along antibiotic concentration gradients,” <i>Biology letters</i>, vol. 17, no. 5. Royal Society of London, 2021.","chicago":"Lagator, Mato, Hildegard Uecker, and Paul Neve. “Adaptation at Different Points along Antibiotic Concentration Gradients.” <i>Biology Letters</i>. Royal Society of London, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0913\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0913</a>.","short":"M. Lagator, H. Uecker, P. Neve, Biology Letters 17 (2021).","apa":"Lagator, M., Uecker, H., &#38; Neve, P. (2021). Adaptation at different points along antibiotic concentration gradients. <i>Biology Letters</i>. Royal Society of London. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0913\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0913</a>","mla":"Lagator, Mato, et al. “Adaptation at Different Points along Antibiotic Concentration Gradients.” <i>Biology Letters</i>, vol. 17, no. 5, 20200913, Royal Society of London, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0913\">10.1098/rsbl.2020.0913</a>.","ama":"Lagator M, Uecker H, Neve P. Adaptation at different points along antibiotic concentration gradients. <i>Biology letters</i>. 2021;17(5). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0913\">10.1098/rsbl.2020.0913</a>","ista":"Lagator M, Uecker H, Neve P. 2021. Adaptation at different points along antibiotic concentration gradients. Biology letters. 17(5), 20200913."},"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2021","month":"05","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1744-957X"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        17","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","isi":1,"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"}},{"publication":"Molecular Ecology","type":"journal_article","page":"2710-2723","year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"chicago":"Berdan, Emma L., Alexandre Blanckaert, Tanja Slotte, Alexander Suh, Anja M Westram, and Inês Fragata. “Unboxing Mutations: Connecting Mutation Types with Evolutionary Consequences.” <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. Wiley, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15936\">https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15936</a>.","ieee":"E. L. Berdan, A. Blanckaert, T. Slotte, A. Suh, A. M. Westram, and I. Fragata, “Unboxing mutations: Connecting mutation types with evolutionary consequences,” <i>Molecular Ecology</i>, vol. 30, no. 12. Wiley, pp. 2710–2723, 2021.","ista":"Berdan EL, Blanckaert A, Slotte T, Suh A, Westram AM, Fragata I. 2021. Unboxing mutations: Connecting mutation types with evolutionary consequences. Molecular Ecology. 30(12), 2710–2723.","mla":"Berdan, Emma L., et al. “Unboxing Mutations: Connecting Mutation Types with Evolutionary Consequences.” <i>Molecular Ecology</i>, vol. 30, no. 12, Wiley, 2021, pp. 2710–23, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15936\">10.1111/mec.15936</a>.","apa":"Berdan, E. L., Blanckaert, A., Slotte, T., Suh, A., Westram, A. M., &#38; Fragata, I. (2021). Unboxing mutations: Connecting mutation types with evolutionary consequences. <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15936\">https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15936</a>","short":"E.L. Berdan, A. Blanckaert, T. Slotte, A. Suh, A.M. Westram, I. Fragata, Molecular Ecology 30 (2021) 2710–2723.","ama":"Berdan EL, Blanckaert A, Slotte T, Suh A, Westram AM, Fragata I. Unboxing mutations: Connecting mutation types with evolutionary consequences. <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. 2021;30(12):2710-2723. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15936\">10.1111/mec.15936</a>"},"date_created":"2021-06-06T22:01:31Z","abstract":[{"text":"A key step in understanding the genetic basis of different evolutionary outcomes (e.g., adaptation) is to determine the roles played by different mutation types (e.g., SNPs, translocations and inversions). To do this we must simultaneously consider different mutation types in an evolutionary framework. Here, we propose a research framework that directly utilizes the most important characteristics of mutations, their population genetic effects, to determine their relative evolutionary significance in a given scenario. We review known population genetic effects of different mutation types and show how these may be connected to different evolutionary outcomes. We provide examples of how to implement this framework and pinpoint areas where more data, theory and synthesis are needed. Linking experimental and theoretical approaches to examine different mutation types simultaneously is a critical step towards understanding their evolutionary significance.","lang":"eng"}],"month":"06","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1365-294X"],"issn":["0962-1083"]},"intvolume":"        30","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY-NC (4.0)"},"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","isi":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000652056400001"]},"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"kschuh","success":1,"checksum":"e6f4731365bde2614b333040a08265d8","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2021-06-11T15:34:53Z","date_updated":"2021-06-11T15:34:53Z","file_name":"2021_MolecularEcology_Berdan.pdf","file_id":"9545","file_size":1031978}],"status":"public","acknowledgement":"We thank the editor, two helpful reviewers, Roger Butlin, Kerstin Johannesson, Valentina Peona, Rike Stelkens, Julie Blommaert, Nick Barton, and João Alpedrinha for helpful comments that improved the manuscript. The authors acknowledge funding from the Swedish Research Council Formas (2017-01597 to AS), the Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet (2016-05139 to AS, 2019-04452 to TS) and from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 757451 to TS). ELB was funded by a Carl Tryggers grant awarded to Tanja Slotte. Anja M. Westram was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 797747. Inês Fragata was funded by a Junior Researcher contract from FCT (CEECIND/02616/2018).","article_processing_charge":"No","issue":"12","oa":1,"publisher":"Wiley","_id":"9470","date_published":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","file_date_updated":"2021-06-11T15:34:53Z","volume":30,"oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"_id":"265B41B8-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"797747","name":"Theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding Parallel Adaptation","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"ec_funded":1,"date_updated":"2026-04-16T08:19:26Z","title":"Unboxing mutations: Connecting mutation types with evolutionary consequences","author":[{"last_name":"Berdan","full_name":"Berdan, Emma L.","first_name":"Emma L."},{"full_name":"Blanckaert, Alexandre","last_name":"Blanckaert","first_name":"Alexandre"},{"last_name":"Slotte","full_name":"Slotte, Tanja","first_name":"Tanja"},{"last_name":"Suh","full_name":"Suh, Alexander","first_name":"Alexander"},{"id":"3C147470-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Westram, Anja M","last_name":"Westram","first_name":"Anja M","orcid":"0000-0003-1050-4969"},{"last_name":"Fragata","full_name":"Fragata, Inês","first_name":"Inês"}],"ddc":["570"],"day":"01","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1111/mec.15936","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"date_published":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","_id":"9816","pmid":1,"status":"public","external_id":{"isi":["000685248200095"],"pmid":["34324553"]},"file":[{"checksum":"ae4df60eb62f4491278588548d0c1f93","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"asandaue","file_size":773921,"file_id":"9835","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2021-08-09T11:52:14Z","date_updated":"2021-08-09T11:52:14Z","file_name":"2021_PLoSONE_Hledík.pdf"}],"publisher":"Public Library of Science","issue":"7","oa":1,"article_processing_charge":"Yes","acknowledgement":"We would like to thank Alfred Uhl, Richard Kollár and Katarína Bod’ová for very helpful comments. We also thank Matej Mišík for discussion and information regarding the Slovak testing data and Ag-Test used.","has_accepted_license":"1","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0255267","ddc":["610"],"day":"29","author":[{"first_name":"Michal","full_name":"Hledik, Michal","last_name":"Hledik","id":"4171253A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Polechova, Jitka","last_name":"Polechova","id":"3BBFB084-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-0951-3112","first_name":"Jitka"},{"first_name":"Mathias","full_name":"Beiglböck, Mathias","last_name":"Beiglböck"},{"last_name":"Herdina","full_name":"Herdina, Anna Nele","first_name":"Anna Nele"},{"full_name":"Strassl, Robert","last_name":"Strassl","first_name":"Robert"},{"first_name":"Martin","full_name":"Posch, Martin","last_name":"Posch"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"article_number":"e0255267","volume":16,"oa_version":"Published Version","file_date_updated":"2021-08-09T11:52:14Z","article_type":"original","date_updated":"2023-08-10T14:26:32Z","title":"Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program","month":"07","type":"journal_article","publication":"PLoS ONE","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Aims: Mass antigen testing programs have been challenged because of an alleged insufficient specificity, leading to a large number of false positives. The objective of this study is to derive a lower bound of the specificity of the SD Biosensor Standard Q Ag-Test in large scale practical use.\r\nMethods: Based on county data from the nationwide tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Slovakia between 31.10.–1.11. 2020 we calculate a lower confidence bound for the specificity. As positive test results were not systematically verified by PCR tests, we base the lower bound on a worst case assumption, assuming all positives to be false positives.\r\nResults: 3,625,332 persons from 79 counties were tested. The lowest positivity rate was observed in the county of Rožňava where 100 out of 34307 (0.29%) tests were positive. This implies a test specificity of at least 99.6% (97.5% one-sided lower confidence bound, adjusted for multiplicity).\r\nConclusion: The obtained lower bound suggests a higher specificity compared to earlier studies in spite of the underlying worst case assumption and the application in a mass testing setting. The actual specificity is expected to exceed 99.6% if the prevalence in the respective regions was non-negligible at the time of testing. To our knowledge, this estimate constitutes the first bound obtained from large scale practical use of an antigen test."}],"date_created":"2021-08-08T22:01:26Z","citation":{"chicago":"Hledik, Michal, Jitka Polechova, Mathias Beiglböck, Anna Nele Herdina, Robert Strassl, and Martin Posch. “Analysis of the Specificity of a COVID-19 Antigen Test in the Slovak Mass Testing Program.” <i>PLoS ONE</i>. Public Library of Science, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255267\">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255267</a>.","ieee":"M. Hledik, J. Polechova, M. Beiglböck, A. N. Herdina, R. Strassl, and M. Posch, “Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program,” <i>PLoS ONE</i>, vol. 16, no. 7. Public Library of Science, 2021.","ista":"Hledik M, Polechova J, Beiglböck M, Herdina AN, Strassl R, Posch M. 2021. Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program. PLoS ONE. 16(7), e0255267.","ama":"Hledik M, Polechova J, Beiglböck M, Herdina AN, Strassl R, Posch M. Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program. <i>PLoS ONE</i>. 2021;16(7). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255267\">10.1371/journal.pone.0255267</a>","short":"M. Hledik, J. Polechova, M. Beiglböck, A.N. Herdina, R. Strassl, M. Posch, PLoS ONE 16 (2021).","apa":"Hledik, M., Polechova, J., Beiglböck, M., Herdina, A. N., Strassl, R., &#38; Posch, M. (2021). Analysis of the specificity of a COVID-19 antigen test in the Slovak mass testing program. <i>PLoS ONE</i>. Public Library of Science. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255267\">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255267</a>","mla":"Hledik, Michal, et al. “Analysis of the Specificity of a COVID-19 Antigen Test in the Slovak Mass Testing Program.” <i>PLoS ONE</i>, vol. 16, no. 7, e0255267, Public Library of Science, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255267\">10.1371/journal.pone.0255267</a>."},"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2021","isi":1,"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1932-6203"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        16"},{"doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyaa025","scopus_import":"1","OA_type":"free access","author":[{"id":"32DF5794-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fraisse, Christelle","last_name":"Fraisse","first_name":"Christelle","orcid":"0000-0001-8441-5075"},{"first_name":"Himani","id":"42377A0A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sachdeva, Himani","last_name":"Sachdeva"}],"day":"01","ddc":["570"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"volume":217,"oa_version":"Published Version","article_number":"iyaa025","article_type":"original","title":"The rates of introgression and barriers to genetic exchange between hybridizing species: Sex chromosomes vs autosomes","date_updated":"2026-07-28T12:39:03Z","project":[{"call_identifier":"FWF","_id":"2662AADE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"M02463","name":"Sex chromosomes and species barriers"}],"corr_author":"1","date_published":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","_id":"9168","external_id":{"pmid":["33724409"],"isi":["000637218100005"]},"status":"public","pmid":1,"publisher":"Genetics Society of America","acknowledgement":"The computations were performed with the IST Austria High-Performance Computing (HPC) Cluster and the Institut Français de Bioinformatique (IFB) Core Cluster. We are grateful to Nick Barton and Beatriz Vicoso for critical comments on the model and the manuscript. We also thank Brian Charlesworth, Stuart Baird, and an anonymous reviewer for insightful comments.\r\nC.F. was supported by an Austrian Science Foundation FWF grant (Project M 2463-B29).","article_processing_charge":"No","issue":"2","oa":1,"isi":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1943-2631"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       217","month":"02","OA_place":"publisher","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaa025","open_access":"1"}],"publication":"Genetics","type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-02-18T14:41:30Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Interspecific crossing experiments have shown that sex chromosomes play a major role in reproductive isolation between many pairs of species. However, their ability to act as reproductive barriers, which hamper interspecific genetic exchange, has rarely been evaluated quantitatively compared to Autosomes. This genome-wide limitation of gene flow is essential for understanding the complete separation of species, and thus speciation. Here, we develop a mainland-island model of secondary contact between hybridizing species of an XY (or ZW) sexual system. We obtain theoretical predictions for the frequency of introgressed alleles, and the strength of the barrier to neutral gene flow for the two types of chromosomes carrying multiple interspecific barrier loci. Theoretical predictions are obtained for scenarios where introgressed alleles are rare. We show that the same analytical expressions apply for sex chromosomes and autosomes, but with different sex-averaged effective parameters. The specific features of sex chromosomes (hemizygosity and absence of recombination in the heterogametic sex) lead to reduced levels of introgression on the X (or Z) compared to autosomes. This effect can be enhanced by certain types of sex-biased forces, but it remains overall small (except when alleles causing incompatibilities are recessive). We discuss these predictions in the light of empirical data comprising model-based tests of introgression and cline surveys in various biological systems."}],"citation":{"ieee":"C. Fraisse and H. Sachdeva, “The rates of introgression and barriers to genetic exchange between hybridizing species: Sex chromosomes vs autosomes,” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 217, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, 2021.","chicago":"Fraisse, Christelle, and Himani Sachdeva. “The Rates of Introgression and Barriers to Genetic Exchange between Hybridizing Species: Sex Chromosomes vs Autosomes.” <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaa025\">https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaa025</a>.","ama":"Fraisse C, Sachdeva H. The rates of introgression and barriers to genetic exchange between hybridizing species: Sex chromosomes vs autosomes. <i>Genetics</i>. 2021;217(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaa025\">10.1093/genetics/iyaa025</a>","apa":"Fraisse, C., &#38; Sachdeva, H. (2021). The rates of introgression and barriers to genetic exchange between hybridizing species: Sex chromosomes vs autosomes. <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaa025\">https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaa025</a>","mla":"Fraisse, Christelle, and Himani Sachdeva. “The Rates of Introgression and Barriers to Genetic Exchange between Hybridizing Species: Sex Chromosomes vs Autosomes.” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 217, no. 2, iyaa025, Genetics Society of America, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaa025\">10.1093/genetics/iyaa025</a>.","short":"C. Fraisse, H. Sachdeva, Genetics 217 (2021).","ista":"Fraisse C, Sachdeva H. 2021. The rates of introgression and barriers to genetic exchange between hybridizing species: Sex chromosomes vs autosomes. Genetics. 217(2), iyaa025."},"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2021"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","citation":{"ama":"Arnoux S, Fraisse C, Sauvage C. VCF files of synonymous SNPs related to: Genomic inference of complex domestication histories in three Solanaceae species. 2020. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD\">10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD</a>","short":"S. Arnoux, C. Fraisse, C. Sauvage, (2020).","apa":"Arnoux, S., Fraisse, C., &#38; Sauvage, C. (2020). VCF files of synonymous SNPs related to: Genomic inference of complex domestication histories in three Solanaceae species. Dryad. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD\">https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD</a>","mla":"Arnoux, Stephanie, et al. <i>VCF Files of Synonymous SNPs Related to: Genomic Inference of Complex Domestication Histories in Three Solanaceae Species</i>. Dryad, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD\">10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD</a>.","ista":"Arnoux S, Fraisse C, Sauvage C. 2020. VCF files of synonymous SNPs related to: Genomic inference of complex domestication histories in three Solanaceae species, Dryad, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD\">10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD</a>.","ieee":"S. Arnoux, C. Fraisse, and C. Sauvage, “VCF files of synonymous SNPs related to: Genomic inference of complex domestication histories in three Solanaceae species.” Dryad, 2020.","chicago":"Arnoux, Stephanie, Christelle Fraisse, and Christopher Sauvage. “VCF Files of Synonymous SNPs Related to: Genomic Inference of Complex Domestication Histories in Three Solanaceae Species.” Dryad, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD\">https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD</a>."},"year":"2020","oa":1,"date_created":"2023-05-23T16:30:20Z","publisher":"Dryad","abstract":[{"text":"Domestication is a human-induced selection process that imprints the genomes of domesticated populations over a short evolutionary time scale, and that occurs in a given demographic context. Reconstructing historical gene flow, effective population size changes and their timing is therefore of fundamental interest to understand how plant demography and human selection jointly shape genomic divergence during domestication. Yet, the comparison under a single statistical framework of independent domestication histories across different crop species has been little evaluated so far. Thus, it is unclear whether domestication leads to convergent demographic changes that similarly affect crop genomes. To address this question, we used existing and new transcriptome data on three crop species of Solanaceae (eggplant, pepper and tomato), together with their close wild relatives. We fitted twelve demographic models of increasing complexity on the unfolded joint allele frequency spectrum for each wild/crop pair, and we found evidence for both shared and species-specific demographic processes between species. A convergent history of domestication with gene-flow was inferred for all three species, along with evidence of strong reduction in the effective population size during the cultivation stage of tomato and pepper. The absence of any reduction in size of the crop in eggplant stands out from the classical view of the domestication process; as does the existence of a “protracted period” of management before cultivation. Our results also suggest divergent management strategies of modern cultivars among species as their current demography substantially differs. Finally, the timing of domestication is species-specific and supported by the few historical records available.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"research_data_reference","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.q2bvq83hd"}],"_id":"13065","date_published":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","month":"10","date_updated":"2026-06-18T19:37:16Z","title":"VCF files of synonymous SNPs related to: Genomic inference of complex domestication histories in three Solanaceae species","license":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","oa_version":"Published Version","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","id":"8928","status":"public"}],"link":[{"url":"https://github.com/starnoux/arnoux_et_al_2019","relation":"software"}]},"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Stephanie","full_name":"Arnoux, Stephanie","last_name":"Arnoux"},{"first_name":"Christelle","orcid":"0000-0001-8441-5075","id":"32DF5794-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fraisse, Christelle","last_name":"Fraisse"},{"full_name":"Sauvage, Christopher","last_name":"Sauvage","first_name":"Christopher"}],"tmp":{"short":"CC0 (1.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_0.png","name":"Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0)"},"ddc":["570"],"day":"19","doi":"10.5061/DRYAD.Q2BVQ83HD","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","doi":"10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N","author":[{"last_name":"Simon","full_name":"Simon, Alexis","first_name":"Alexis"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8441-5075","first_name":"Christelle","id":"32DF5794-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Fraisse","full_name":"Fraisse, Christelle"},{"full_name":"El Ayari, Tahani","last_name":"El Ayari","first_name":"Tahani"},{"first_name":"Cathy","last_name":"Liautard-Haag","full_name":"Liautard-Haag, Cathy"},{"first_name":"Petr","last_name":"Strelkov","full_name":"Strelkov, Petr"},{"first_name":"John","full_name":"Welch, John","last_name":"Welch"},{"first_name":"Nicolas","last_name":"Bierne","full_name":"Bierne, Nicolas"}],"tmp":{"short":"CC0 (1.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_0.png","name":"Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0)"},"day":"22","ddc":["570"],"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","status":"public","id":"8708"}]},"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2025-07-10T12:01:22Z","title":"How do species barriers decay? concordance and local introgression in mosaic hybrid zones of mussels","month":"09","date_published":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","_id":"13073","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.r4xgxd29n","open_access":"1"}],"type":"research_data_reference","status":"public","date_created":"2023-05-23T16:48:27Z","publisher":"Dryad","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The Mytilus complex of marine mussel species forms a mosaic of hybrid zones, found across temperate regions of the globe. This allows us to study \"replicated\" instances of secondary contact between closely-related species. Previous work on this complex has shown that local introgression is both widespread and highly heterogeneous, and has identified SNPs that are outliers of differentiation between lineages. Here, we developed an ancestry-informative panel of such SNPs. We then compared their frequencies in newly-sampled populations, including samples from within the hybrid zones, and parental populations at different distances from the contact. Results show that close to the hybrid zones, some outlier loci are near to fixation for the heterospecific allele, suggesting enhanced local introgression, or the local sweep of a shared ancestral allele. Conversely, genomic cline analyses, treating local parental populations as the reference, reveal a globally high concordance among loci, albeit with a few signals of asymmetric introgression. Enhanced local introgression at specific loci is consistent with the early transfer of adaptive variants after contact, possibly including asymmetric bi-stable variants (Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities), or haplotypes loaded with fewer deleterious mutations. Having escaped one barrier, however, these variants can be trapped or delayed at the next barrier, confining the introgression locally. These results shed light on the decay of species barriers during phases of contact."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","year":"2020","oa":1,"citation":{"chicago":"Simon, Alexis, Christelle Fraisse, Tahani El Ayari, Cathy Liautard-Haag, Petr Strelkov, John Welch, and Nicolas Bierne. “How Do Species Barriers Decay? Concordance and Local Introgression in Mosaic Hybrid Zones of Mussels.” Dryad, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N\">https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N</a>.","ieee":"A. Simon <i>et al.</i>, “How do species barriers decay? concordance and local introgression in mosaic hybrid zones of mussels.” Dryad, 2020.","ista":"Simon A, Fraisse C, El Ayari T, Liautard-Haag C, Strelkov P, Welch J, Bierne N. 2020. How do species barriers decay? concordance and local introgression in mosaic hybrid zones of mussels, Dryad, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N\">10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N</a>.","mla":"Simon, Alexis, et al. <i>How Do Species Barriers Decay? Concordance and Local Introgression in Mosaic Hybrid Zones of Mussels</i>. Dryad, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N\">10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N</a>.","short":"A. Simon, C. Fraisse, T. El Ayari, C. Liautard-Haag, P. Strelkov, J. Welch, N. Bierne, (2020).","apa":"Simon, A., Fraisse, C., El Ayari, T., Liautard-Haag, C., Strelkov, P., Welch, J., &#38; Bierne, N. (2020). How do species barriers decay? concordance and local introgression in mosaic hybrid zones of mussels. Dryad. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N\">https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N</a>","ama":"Simon A, Fraisse C, El Ayari T, et al. How do species barriers decay? concordance and local introgression in mosaic hybrid zones of mussels. 2020. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N\">10.5061/DRYAD.R4XGXD29N</a>"}},{"date_published":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","_id":"7995","external_id":{"isi":["000539780800001"]},"status":"public","file":[{"checksum":"56235bf1e2a9e25f96196bb13b6b754d","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_size":1080810,"file_name":"2020_Evolution_Perini.pdf","date_updated":"2020-11-25T10:49:48Z","date_created":"2020-11-25T10:49:48Z","relation":"main_file","file_id":"8808"}],"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","oa":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","acknowledgement":"We are very grateful to I. Sencic, L. Brettell, A.‐L. Liabot, J. Galindo, M. Ravinet, and A. Butlin for their help with field sampling and mating experiments. This work was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, European Research Council and Swedish Research Council VR and we are also very grateful for the support of the Linnaeus Centre for Marine Evolutionary Biology at the University of Gothenburg. The simulations were performed on resources at Chalmers Centre for Computational Science and Engineering (C3SE) provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC). AMW was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Skłodowska‐Curie grant agreement no. 797747.","has_accepted_license":"1","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1111/evo.14027","day":"01","ddc":["570"],"author":[{"first_name":"Samuel","last_name":"Perini","full_name":"Perini, Samuel"},{"full_name":"Rafajlović, Marina","last_name":"Rafajlović","first_name":"Marina"},{"id":"3C147470-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Westram, Anja M","last_name":"Westram","first_name":"Anja M","orcid":"0000-0003-1050-4969"},{"first_name":"Kerstin","full_name":"Johannesson, Kerstin","last_name":"Johannesson"},{"first_name":"Roger K.","full_name":"Butlin, Roger K.","last_name":"Butlin"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"8809","status":"public","relation":"research_data"}]},"oa_version":"Published Version","volume":74,"file_date_updated":"2020-11-25T10:49:48Z","article_type":"original","date_updated":"2025-07-10T11:54:58Z","title":"Assortative mating, sexual selection, and their consequences for gene flow in Littorina","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding Parallel Adaptation","_id":"265B41B8-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"797747"}],"ec_funded":1,"month":"07","page":"1482-1497","publication":"Evolution","type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"When divergent populations are connected by gene flow, the establishment of complete reproductive isolation usually requires the joint action of multiple barrier effects. One example where multiple barrier effects are coupled consists of a single trait that is under divergent natural selection and also mediates assortative mating. Such multiple‐effect traits can strongly reduce gene flow. However, there are few cases where patterns of assortative mating have been described quantitatively and their impact on gene flow has been determined. Two ecotypes of the coastal marine snail, Littorina saxatilis , occur in North Atlantic rocky‐shore habitats dominated by either crab predation or wave action. There is evidence for divergent natural selection acting on size, and size‐assortative mating has previously been documented. Here, we analyze the mating pattern in L. saxatilis with respect to size in intensively sampled transects across boundaries between the habitats. We show that the mating pattern is mostly conserved between ecotypes and that it generates both assortment and directional sexual selection for small male size. Using simulations, we show that the mating pattern can contribute to reproductive isolation between ecotypes but the barrier to gene flow is likely strengthened more by sexual selection than by assortment."}],"date_created":"2020-06-22T09:14:21Z","citation":{"chicago":"Perini, Samuel, Marina Rafajlović, Anja M Westram, Kerstin Johannesson, and Roger K. Butlin. “Assortative Mating, Sexual Selection, and Their Consequences for Gene Flow in Littorina.” <i>Evolution</i>. Wiley, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14027\">https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14027</a>.","ieee":"S. Perini, M. Rafajlović, A. M. Westram, K. Johannesson, and R. K. Butlin, “Assortative mating, sexual selection, and their consequences for gene flow in Littorina,” <i>Evolution</i>, vol. 74, no. 7. Wiley, pp. 1482–1497, 2020.","ista":"Perini S, Rafajlović M, Westram AM, Johannesson K, Butlin RK. 2020. Assortative mating, sexual selection, and their consequences for gene flow in Littorina. Evolution. 74(7), 1482–1497.","ama":"Perini S, Rafajlović M, Westram AM, Johannesson K, Butlin RK. Assortative mating, sexual selection, and their consequences for gene flow in Littorina. <i>Evolution</i>. 2020;74(7):1482-1497. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14027\">10.1111/evo.14027</a>","apa":"Perini, S., Rafajlović, M., Westram, A. M., Johannesson, K., &#38; Butlin, R. K. (2020). Assortative mating, sexual selection, and their consequences for gene flow in Littorina. <i>Evolution</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14027\">https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14027</a>","short":"S. Perini, M. Rafajlović, A.M. Westram, K. Johannesson, R.K. Butlin, Evolution 74 (2020) 1482–1497.","mla":"Perini, Samuel, et al. “Assortative Mating, Sexual Selection, and Their Consequences for Gene Flow in Littorina.” <i>Evolution</i>, vol. 74, no. 7, Wiley, 2020, pp. 1482–97, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14027\">10.1111/evo.14027</a>."},"year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1558-5646"],"issn":["0014-3820"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        74"},{"date_published":"2020-07-12T00:00:00Z","_id":"8112","pmid":1,"status":"public","external_id":{"pmid":["32654647"],"isi":["000552662100002"]},"publisher":"The Royal Society","oa":1,"issue":"1806","article_processing_charge":"No","OA_type":"green","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2019.0530","scopus_import":"1","day":"12","author":[{"id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"article_number":"20190530","volume":375,"oa_version":"Submitted Version","article_type":"letter_note","title":"On the completion of speciation","date_updated":"2025-06-25T07:45:22Z","month":"07","OA_place":"repository","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7423282/"}],"type":"journal_article","publication":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences","date_created":"2020-07-13T03:41:39Z","year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ista":"Barton NH. 2020. On the completion of speciation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences. 375(1806), 20190530.","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H. “On the Completion of Speciation.” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 375, no. 1806, 20190530, The Royal Society, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0530\">10.1098/rstb.2019.0530</a>.","short":"N.H. Barton, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences 375 (2020).","apa":"Barton, N. H. (2020). On the completion of speciation. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0530\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0530</a>","ama":"Barton NH. On the completion of speciation. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. 2020;375(1806). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0530\">10.1098/rstb.2019.0530</a>","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H. “On the Completion of Speciation.” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0530\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0530</a>.","ieee":"N. H. Barton, “On the completion of speciation,” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 375, no. 1806. The Royal Society, 2020."},"isi":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0962-8436"],"eissn":["1471-2970"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       375"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"doi":"10.1098/rstb.2019.0545","scopus_import":"1","ddc":["570"],"day":"12","author":[{"first_name":"Sean","id":"43161670-5719-11EA-8025-FABC3DDC885E","full_name":"Stankowski, Sean","last_name":"Stankowski"},{"last_name":"Westram","full_name":"Westram, Anja M","id":"3C147470-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1050-4969","first_name":"Anja M"},{"first_name":"Zuzanna B.","full_name":"Zagrodzka, Zuzanna B.","last_name":"Zagrodzka"},{"first_name":"Isobel","full_name":"Eyres, Isobel","last_name":"Eyres"},{"full_name":"Broquet, Thomas","last_name":"Broquet","first_name":"Thomas"},{"first_name":"Kerstin","last_name":"Johannesson","full_name":"Johannesson, Kerstin"},{"first_name":"Roger K.","full_name":"Butlin, Roger K.","last_name":"Butlin"}],"title":"The evolution of strong reproductive isolation between sympatric intertidal snails","date_updated":"2026-06-18T19:30:29Z","article_number":"20190545","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":375,"article_type":"original","date_published":"2020-07-12T00:00:00Z","_id":"8167","publisher":"The Royal Society","oa":1,"issue":"1806","article_processing_charge":"No","acknowledgement":"Funding was provided by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the European Research Council. We thank Rui Faria, Nicola Nadeau, Martin Garlovsky and Hernan Morales for advice and/or useful discussion during the project. Richard Turney, Graciela Sotelo, Jenny Larson, Stéphane Loisel and Meghan Wharton participated in the collection and processing of samples. Mark Dunning helped with the development of bioinformatic pipelines. The analysis of genomic data was conducted on the University of Sheffield High-performance computer, ShARC. Jeffrey Feder and an anonymous reviewer provided comments that improved the manuscript.","pmid":1,"status":"public","external_id":{"pmid":["32654639"],"isi":["000552662100014"]},"isi":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","intvolume":"       375","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1471-2970"]},"month":"07","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The evolution of strong reproductive isolation (RI) is fundamental to the origins and maintenance of biological diversity, especially in situations where geographical distributions of taxa broadly overlap. But what is the history behind strong barriers currently acting in sympatry? Using whole-genome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, we inferred (i) the evolutionary relationships, (ii) the strength of RI, and (iii) the demographic history of divergence between two broadly sympatric taxa of intertidal snail. Despite being cryptic, based on external morphology, Littorina arcana and Littorina saxatilis differ in their mode of female reproduction (egg-laying versus brooding), which may generate a strong post-zygotic barrier. We show that egg-laying and brooding snails are closely related, but genetically distinct. Genotyping of 3092 snails from three locations failed to recover any recent hybrid or backcrossed individuals, confirming that RI is strong. There was, however, evidence for a very low level of asymmetrical introgression, suggesting that isolation remains incomplete. The presence of strong, asymmetrical RI was further supported by demographic analysis of these populations. Although the taxa are currently broadly sympatric, demographic modelling suggests that they initially diverged during a short period of geographical separation involving very low gene flow. Our study suggests that some geographical separation may kick-start the evolution of strong RI, facilitating subsequent coexistence of taxa in sympatry. The strength of RI needed to achieve sympatry and the subsequent effect of sympatry on RI remain open questions."}],"date_created":"2020-07-26T22:01:01Z","year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"mla":"Stankowski, Sean, et al. “The Evolution of Strong Reproductive Isolation between Sympatric Intertidal Snails.” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 375, no. 1806, 20190545, The Royal Society, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0545\">10.1098/rstb.2019.0545</a>.","apa":"Stankowski, S., Westram, A. M., Zagrodzka, Z. B., Eyres, I., Broquet, T., Johannesson, K., &#38; Butlin, R. K. (2020). The evolution of strong reproductive isolation between sympatric intertidal snails. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0545\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0545</a>","short":"S. Stankowski, A.M. Westram, Z.B. Zagrodzka, I. Eyres, T. Broquet, K. Johannesson, R.K. Butlin, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences 375 (2020).","ama":"Stankowski S, Westram AM, Zagrodzka ZB, et al. The evolution of strong reproductive isolation between sympatric intertidal snails. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. 2020;375(1806). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0545\">10.1098/rstb.2019.0545</a>","ista":"Stankowski S, Westram AM, Zagrodzka ZB, Eyres I, Broquet T, Johannesson K, Butlin RK. 2020. The evolution of strong reproductive isolation between sympatric intertidal snails. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences. 375(1806), 20190545.","ieee":"S. Stankowski <i>et al.</i>, “The evolution of strong reproductive isolation between sympatric intertidal snails,” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 375, no. 1806. The Royal Society, 2020.","chicago":"Stankowski, Sean, Anja M Westram, Zuzanna B. Zagrodzka, Isobel Eyres, Thomas Broquet, Kerstin Johannesson, and Roger K. Butlin. “The Evolution of Strong Reproductive Isolation between Sympatric Intertidal Snails.” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0545\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0545</a>."},"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0545"}],"publication":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences","type":"journal_article"},{"month":"07","year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ista":"Kulmuni J, Butlin RK, Lucek K, Savolainen V, Westram AM. 2020. Towards the completion of speciation: The evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological sciences. 375(1806), 20190528.","short":"J. Kulmuni, R.K. Butlin, K. Lucek, V. Savolainen, A.M. Westram, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences 375 (2020).","apa":"Kulmuni, J., Butlin, R. K., Lucek, K., Savolainen, V., &#38; Westram, A. M. (2020). Towards the completion of speciation: The evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0528\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0528</a>","mla":"Kulmuni, Jonna, et al. “Towards the Completion of Speciation: The Evolution of Reproductive Isolation beyond the First Barriers.” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 375, no. 1806, 20190528, The Royal Society, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0528\">10.1098/rstb.2019.0528</a>.","ama":"Kulmuni J, Butlin RK, Lucek K, Savolainen V, Westram AM. Towards the completion of speciation: The evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B: Biological sciences</i>. 2020;375(1806). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0528\">10.1098/rstb.2019.0528</a>","chicago":"Kulmuni, Jonna, Roger K. Butlin, Kay Lucek, Vincent Savolainen, and Anja M Westram. “Towards the Completion of Speciation: The Evolution of Reproductive Isolation beyond the First Barriers.” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0528\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0528</a>.","ieee":"J. Kulmuni, R. K. Butlin, K. Lucek, V. Savolainen, and A. M. Westram, “Towards the completion of speciation: The evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers,” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological sciences</i>, vol. 375, no. 1806. The Royal Society, 2020."},"date_created":"2020-07-26T22:01:01Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Speciation, that is, the evolution of reproductive barriers eventually leading to complete isolation, is a crucial process generating biodiversity. Recent work has contributed much to our understanding of how reproductive barriers begin to evolve, and how they are maintained in the face of gene flow. However, little is known about the transition from partial to strong reproductive isolation (RI) and the completion of speciation. We argue that the evolution of strong RI is likely to involve different processes, or new interactions among processes, compared with the evolution of the first reproductive barriers. Transition to strong RI may be brought about by changing external conditions, for example, following secondary contact. However, the increasing levels of RI themselves create opportunities for new barriers to evolve and, and interaction or coupling among barriers. These changing processes may depend on genomic architecture and leave detectable signals in the genome. We outline outstanding questions and suggest more theoretical and empirical work, considering both patterns and processes associated with strong RI, is needed to understand how speciation is completed."}],"type":"journal_article","publication":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological sciences","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0528","open_access":"1"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","isi":1,"intvolume":"       375","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1471-2970"],"issn":["0962-8436"]},"publication_status":"published","_id":"8168","date_published":"2020-07-12T00:00:00Z","article_processing_charge":"No","oa":1,"issue":"1806","publisher":"The Royal Society","external_id":{"pmid":["32654637"],"isi":["000552662100001"]},"status":"public","pmid":1,"department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Jonna","last_name":"Kulmuni","full_name":"Kulmuni, Jonna"},{"first_name":"Roger K.","last_name":"Butlin","full_name":"Butlin, Roger K."},{"full_name":"Lucek, Kay","last_name":"Lucek","first_name":"Kay"},{"full_name":"Savolainen, Vincent","last_name":"Savolainen","first_name":"Vincent"},{"first_name":"Anja M","orcid":"0000-0003-1050-4969","last_name":"Westram","full_name":"Westram, Anja M","id":"3C147470-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"ddc":["570"],"day":"12","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2019.0528","scopus_import":"1","project":[{"name":"Theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding Parallel Adaptation","grant_number":"797747","_id":"265B41B8-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"ec_funded":1,"date_updated":"2026-06-18T19:30:51Z","title":"Towards the completion of speciation: The evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":375,"article_number":"20190528"},{"acknowledgement":"This work was supported by a fellowship from the China Scholarship Council (CSC) to H.S., Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) grant no. 31003A_149306 to C.L., doctoral programme grant W1225-B20 to a faculty team including C.L., and the University of Vienna. We thank members of J.L.’s lab for collecting samples, Michael Barfuss and Elfi Grasserbauer for help in the laboratory, the Next Generation Sequencing Platform of the University of Berne for sequencing, the Vienna Scientific Cluster (VSC) for access to computational resources, and Claus Vogel and members of the PopGen Vienna graduate school for helpful discussions.","article_processing_charge":"No","issue":"1806","publisher":"The Royal Society","external_id":{"isi":["000552662100013"],"pmid":["32654641"]},"status":"public","pmid":1,"_id":"8169","date_published":"2020-07-12T00:00:00Z","title":"Evolution of strong reproductive isolation in plants: Broad-scale patterns and lessons from a perennial model group","date_updated":"2026-04-03T09:31:37Z","article_type":"original","volume":375,"oa_version":"None","article_number":"20190544","department":[{"_id":"NiBa"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Huiying","full_name":"Shang, Huiying","last_name":"Shang"},{"first_name":"Jaqueline","full_name":"Hess, Jaqueline","last_name":"Hess"},{"first_name":"Melinda","orcid":"0000-0001-6118-0541","last_name":"Pickup","full_name":"Pickup, Melinda","id":"2C78037E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Field","full_name":"Field, David","id":"419049E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-4014-8478","first_name":"David"},{"first_name":"Pär K.","full_name":"Ingvarsson, Pär K.","last_name":"Ingvarsson"},{"first_name":"Jianquan","last_name":"Liu","full_name":"Liu, Jianquan"},{"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Lexer","full_name":"Lexer, Christian"}],"day":"12","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2019.0544","OA_type":"closed access","citation":{"chicago":"Shang, Huiying, Jaqueline Hess, Melinda Pickup, David Field, Pär K. Ingvarsson, Jianquan Liu, and Christian Lexer. “Evolution of Strong Reproductive Isolation in Plants: Broad-Scale Patterns and Lessons from a Perennial Model Group.” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0544\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0544</a>.","ieee":"H. Shang <i>et al.</i>, “Evolution of strong reproductive isolation in plants: Broad-scale patterns and lessons from a perennial model group,” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 375, no. 1806. The Royal Society, 2020.","ista":"Shang H, Hess J, Pickup M, Field D, Ingvarsson PK, Liu J, Lexer C. 2020. Evolution of strong reproductive isolation in plants: Broad-scale patterns and lessons from a perennial model group. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences. 375(1806), 20190544.","ama":"Shang H, Hess J, Pickup M, et al. Evolution of strong reproductive isolation in plants: Broad-scale patterns and lessons from a perennial model group. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. 2020;375(1806). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0544\">10.1098/rstb.2019.0544</a>","mla":"Shang, Huiying, et al. “Evolution of Strong Reproductive Isolation in Plants: Broad-Scale Patterns and Lessons from a Perennial Model Group.” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 375, no. 1806, 20190544, The Royal Society, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0544\">10.1098/rstb.2019.0544</a>.","short":"H. Shang, J. Hess, M. Pickup, D. Field, P.K. Ingvarsson, J. Liu, C. Lexer, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences 375 (2020).","apa":"Shang, H., Hess, J., Pickup, M., Field, D., Ingvarsson, P. K., Liu, J., &#38; Lexer, C. (2020). Evolution of strong reproductive isolation in plants: Broad-scale patterns and lessons from a perennial model group. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0544\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0544</a>"},"year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","date_created":"2020-07-26T22:01:02Z","abstract":[{"text":"Many recent studies have addressed the mechanisms operating during the early stages of speciation, but surprisingly few studies have tested theoretical predictions on the evolution of strong reproductive isolation (RI). To help address this gap, we first undertook a quantitative review of the hybrid zone literature for flowering plants in relation to reproductive barriers. Then, using Populus as an exemplary model group, we analysed genome-wide variation for phylogenetic tree topologies in both early- and late-stage speciation taxa to determine how these patterns may be related to the genomic architecture of RI. Our plant literature survey revealed variation in barrier complexity and an association between barrier number and introgressive gene flow. Focusing on Populus, our genome-wide analysis of tree topologies in speciating poplar taxa points to unusually complex genomic architectures of RI, consistent with earlier genome-wide association studies. These architectures appear to facilitate the ‘escape’ of introgressed genome segments from polygenic barriers even with strong RI, thus affecting their relationships with recombination rates. Placed within the context of the broader literature, our data illustrate how phylogenomic approaches hold great promise for addressing the evolution and temporary breakdown of RI during late stages of speciation.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences","type":"journal_article","month":"07","intvolume":"       375","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1471-2970"]},"isi":1,"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd"}]