@article{22716, abstract = {We give an algorithm that, with high probability, maintains a (1-ε)-approximate s-t maximum flow in undirected, uncapacitated n-vertex graphs undergoing m edge insertions in Õ(m+ n F^*/ε) total update time, where F^{*} is the maximum flow on the final graph. This is the first algorithm to achieve polylogarithmic amortized update time for dense graphs (m = Ω(n²)), and more generally, for graphs where F^* = Õ(m/n). At the heart of our incremental algorithm is the residual graph sparsification technique of Karger and Levine [SICOMP '15], originally designed for computing exact maximum flows in the static setting. Our main contributions are (i) showing how to maintain such sparsifiers for approximate maximum flows in the incremental setting and (ii) generalizing the cut sparsification framework of Fung et al. [SICOMP '19] from undirected graphs to balanced directed graphs.}, author = {Goranci, Gramoz and Henzinger, Monika H and Räcke, Harald and Sricharan, A. R.}, issn = {1549-6333}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Algorithms}, number = {3}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Incremental approximate maximum flow via residual graph sparsification}}, doi = {10.1145/3816252}, volume = {22}, year = {2026}, } @article{22714, abstract = {Radial glial progenitors (RGPs) generate all projection neurons (PNs) in the cerebral cortex through incompletely understood processes. We combined Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers at embryonic stages (E)12.5 and E13.5 with early postnatal callosal tracing to dissect RGP lineage progression. We find that multipotent RGPs generate all extra-telencephalic (ET) and intra-telencephalic (IT) PNs via parallel sublineages that emerge simultaneously at neurogenesis onset. ET-PN production progresses exclusively via small, self-consuming lineages; IT-PN lineages feature RGPs generating large translaminar outputs. The early emergence of IT-PN–fated RGPs, coinciding with a switch to direct neurogenesis, contributes to the stereotyped population-level progression of the multipotent lineage. We also identify POU3F transcription factors as candidate regulators of IT-PN fate via noncanonical mitotic chromatin binding. The results support a model whereby IT- and ET-PNs arise from an early bifurcation and parallel specification within the multipotent RGP lineage.}, author = {Varela Martínez, Irene and Villalba Requena, Ana and García-Marqués, Jorge and Aguilera, Alfonso and Castro, Diogo S. and Hippenmeyer, Simon and Nieto, Marta}, issn = {2375-2548}, journal = {Science Advances}, number = {32}, pages = {eadw5487}, publisher = {AAAS}, title = {{Early fate diversification of radial glial progenitors during corticogenesis}}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adw5487}, volume = {12}, year = {2026}, } @article{22712, abstract = {Ginseng (Panax ginseng) derives its renowned therapeutic properties from ginsenoside metabolites. However, the long cultivation cycle and susceptibility to diseases hinder the advancement of the ginseng industry. Here, we demonstrate that the embryonic protoderm of ginseng can efficiently produce ginsenosides. Single-cell transcriptome and mass spectrometry imaging analyses reveal that ginsenosides accumulate in the protoderm of ginseng embryonic callus (EC) at levels comparable to those in forest ginseng. Epigenetic analyses indicate that elevated histone acetylation and enhanced chromatin accessibility at regeneration- and ginsenoside metabolism-related gene loci are associated with the ginsenoside-producing capacity of EC. Increasing histone acetylation levels or overexpressing the regeneration-related WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX11 (WOX11) gene further enhances ginsenoside production in EC. Our findings suggest that the protoderm of EC could serve as an in situ biological compartment for high-efficiency ginsenoside producion, offering a complementary approach to traditional ginseng cultivation.}, author = {Liu, Juan and Zhai, Ning and Zhang, Shiyi and Tamada, Yosuke and Li, Tonghui and Zhang, Linfan and Chen, Tong and Wang, Chenglin and Yang, Jian and Gao, Jiaqi and Li, Xiang and Zhou, Junhui and Zhang, Yonghong and Liu, Yu and Wang, Yuan and Friml, Jiří and Benková, Eva and Li, Chen and Xu, Lin and Huang, Luqi}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Single-cell analyses identify the ginseng embryonic protoderm as a native compartment for high-efficiency ginsenoside production}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-74881-5}, volume = {17}, year = {2026}, } @misc{22687, abstract = {Understanding enzyme function requires characterizing not only static structure but also dynamics and ligand interactions. NMR spectroscopy provides this insight at atomic resolution, yet for large proteins the difficulty of resonance assignment has largely confined such studies to systems below ∼50 kDa, or to observing only methyl groups. Here we present an integrated magic-angle spinning (MAS) and solution NMR study of the 134 kDa tetrameric malate dehydrogenase from Ignicoccus islandicus (IiMDH), an enzyme of particular interest as an evolutionary intermediate between allosteric lactate dehydrogenases and non-allosteric malate dehydrogenases. By combining high-dimensional (up to 4D) MAS NMR experiments on sedimented protein with solution NMR, we achieved 92% backbone heavy- atom assignment and 91% assignment of all Ile-δ1, Leu-δ1/-δ2, Val-γ1/-γ2, Met-ε and Thr-γ methyl groups. Building on these assignments, we use various probes of backbone and sidechain dynamics: elevated MAS NMR 15N rotating-frame relaxation (R1ρ) points to microsecond motions in functionally critical regions, including the catalytic loop and the mobile surface loop. Complementary methyl-axis order parameters from solution NMR identified additional flexible sites in the hydrophobic core. Chemical shift perturbation experiments upon addition of the substrate analogue oxamate, monitored via backbone 1H-15N TROSY, revealed both active-site contacts and responses in helices α2F and α3G, regions implicated in allosteric signal transmission. The integrated approach demonstrated here exploits the distinct strengths of MAS and solution NMR, and provides a comprehensive view of structure, dynamics, and substrate interactions in a large oligomeric enzyme that would not be accessible by either technique alone.}, author = {Schanda, Paul and Napoli, Federico}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Data and scripts for: "Integrated solid/solution NMR assignment allows mapping dynamics and ligand binding in a 134 kDa enzyme"}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-22687}, year = {2026}, } @phdthesis{22694, abstract = {We develop and employ techniques from equivariant algebraic K-theory and related invariants in the context of geometric representation theory, in both arithmetic and topological situations. We showcase the use of such techniques on the affine Grassmannian Gr, a space of fundamental interest in the geometric Langlands program. It is a deep development of mathematics of the last century that many concrete, yet combina- torially complex algebraic problems may be effectively studied through the lens of algebraic geometry. The objects of interest can be often realized as cohomological invariants of algebraic varieties, and good understanding of their geometry sheds light into the original questions. Such techniques have seen immense applications in the Langlands program, where they go under the label of geometric representation theory. One source of powerful invariants in algebraic geometry comes from algebraic K-theory, Hochschild homology, and their relatives. These localizing invariants contain large amount of information, but are quite hard to compute. For this reason, their usage in geometric representation theory has been limited. The aim of this thesis is to showcase how to control such invariants in the situations of interest and use them to obtain new insights. We start by reinterpreting equivariant Hochschild homology in terms of functions on certain fixed-point schemes, which are of independent interest. We compare it to equivariant K-theory via the trace map. We give new computations and comparisons of such invariants of affine Schubert varieties in Gr, including arithmetic situations. We show that they behave much better than expected. We finally utilize this circle of ideas in a purely topological setting. We describe the varying fixed points of the extended torus action on the affine Grassmannian, and use it to compute its equivariant topological K-theory ring. The answer is nontrivial and verifies an outstanding conjecture in the subject. We compare, partly conjecturally, the resulting K-theory ring to the completed center of an integral even hybrid quantum group and its deformed quantum category O. This gives a genuine application of our computations in pure representation theory.}, author = {Löwit, Jakub}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {185}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Equivariant K-theory of affine Grassmannians in representation theory and arithmetic}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-22694}, year = {2026}, } @article{21751, abstract = {We define a certain class of simple varieties over a field k by a constructive recipe and show how to control their (equivariant) truncating invariants. Consequently, we prove that on simple varieties: (i) if k = k and char k = p, the p-adic cyclotomic trace is an equivalence; (ii) if k = Q, the Goodwillie–Jones trace is an isomorphism in degree zero; (iii) we can control homotopy invariant K-theory KH, which is equivariantly formal and determined by its topological counterparts. Simple varieties are quite special, but encompass important singular examples appearing in geometric representation theory. We, in particular, show that both finite and affine Schubert varieties for GLn lie in this class, so all the above results hold for them. }, author = {Löwit, Jakub}, issn = {1687-0247}, journal = {International Mathematics Research Notices}, number = {7}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{Equivariant localizing invariants of simple varieties}}, doi = {10.1093/imrn/rnag058}, volume = {2026}, year = {2026}, } @article{22693, abstract = {We study torus-equivariant algebraic K-theory of affine Schubert varieties in the perfect affine Grassmannians over Fp. We further compare it to the torus-equivariant Hochschild homology of perfect complexes, which has a geometric description in terms of global functions on certain fixed-point schemes. We prove that Fp-linearly, this comparison is an isomorphism. Our approach is quite constructive, resulting in new computations of these K-theory rings. We establish various structural results for equivariant perfect algebraic K-theory on the way; we believe these are of independent interest.}, author = {Löwit, Jakub}, issn = {1431-0643}, journal = {Documenta Mathematica}, keywords = {equivariant algebraic K-theory, perfection in positive characteristic, affine Grassmannian, affine Schubert varieties, Dennis trace map, equivariant Hochschild homology, fixed-point schemes, toric varieties}, publisher = {EMS Press}, title = {{Equivariant K-theory, affine Grassmannian and perfection}}, doi = {10.4171/dm/1064}, year = {2026}, } @article{21762, abstract = {Bacteria, like eukaryotes, use conserved cytoskeletal systems for intracellular organization. The plasmid-encoded ParMRC system forms actin-like filaments that segregate low–copy number plasmids. In multicellular cyanobacteria such as Anabaena sp., we found that a chromosomally encoded ParMR system has evolved into a cytoskeletal system named CorMR with a function in cell shape control rather than DNA segregation. Live-cell imaging, in vitro reconstitution, and cryo–electron microscopy revealed that CorM formed dynamically unstable, antiparallel double-stranded filaments that were recruited to the membrane by CorR through an amphipathic helix conserved in multicellular cyanobacteria. CorMR filaments were regulated by MinC, which excluded them from the poles and division plane. Comparative genomics indicated that the repurposing of ParMR and Min systems coevolved with cyanobacterial multicellularity, highlighting the evolutionary plasticity of cytoskeletal systems in bacteria.}, author = {Springstein, Benjamin L and Javoor, Manjunath and Megrian, Daniela and Hajdu, Roman and Hanke, Dustin M. and Zens, Bettina and Weiss, Gregor L. and Schur, Florian Km and Loose, Martin}, issn = {1095-9203}, journal = {Science}, number = {6795}, publisher = {AAAS}, title = {{Repurposing of a DNA segregation machinery into a cytoskeletal system controlling cell shape}}, doi = {10.1126/science.aea6343}, volume = {392}, year = {2026}, } @article{22751, abstract = {The physical processes that led to the formation of billion-solar-mass black holes within the first 700 million years of cosmic time, a period known as cosmic dawn, remain a puzzle1. Several theoretical scenarios have been proposed to seed and rapidly grow black holes2,3,4, but direct observations of these mechanisms remain elusive. Here we present a source 660 million years after the Big Bang that exhibits singular properties: among the largest hydrogen Balmer breaks reported at any redshift, broad multi-peaked Hβ emission, and Balmer line absorption in several transitions. We model this source as an enshrouded black hole in which the Balmer break and absorption features are a result of extremely dense, turbulent gas forming a dust-free envelope around a supermassive black hole5,6. This source may provide evidence of an early black hole embedded in dense gas—a theoretical configuration proposed to rapidly grow black holes by super-Eddington accretion7,8. Radiation from the black hole seems to dominate almost all observed light, leaving limited room for contribution from its host galaxy. If the source merged with its brighter neighbour, it would resemble the recently discovered ‘little red dots’ with perplexing spectral energy distributions9,10,11. The redness of the black hole is due to gas, not dust12,13, and scattering, not kinematics, gives rise to the complex line shapes and luminosities—black hole masses of these sources may therefore be overestimated by orders of magnitude.}, author = {Naidu, Rohan P. and Matthee, Jorryt J and Katz, Harley and De Graaff, Anna and Oesch, Pascal A. and Smith, Aaron and Greene, Jenny E. and Brammer, Gabriel and Weibel, Andrea and Hviding, Raphael and Chisholm, John and Labbé, Ivo and Simcoe, Robert A. and Witten, Callum and Sun, Wendy Q. and Atek, Hakim and Baggen, Josephine F.W. and Belli, Sirio and Bezanson, Rachel and Boogaard, Leindert A. and Bose, Sownak and Bouwens, Rychard J. and Covelo-Paz, Alba and Dayal, Pratika and Fudamoto, Yoshinobu and Furtak, Lukas J. and Giovinazzo, Emma and Goulding, Andy and Gronke, Max and Heintz, Kasper E. and Hirschmann, Michaela and Illingworth, Garth and Inoue, Akio K. and Johnson, Benjamin D. and Leja, Joel and Leonova, Ecaterina and Mcconachie, Ian and Maseda, Michael V. and Natarajan, Priyamvada and Nelson, Erica and Setton, David J. and Shivaei, Irene and Sobral, David and Stefanon, Mauro and Tacchella, Sandro and Toft, Sune and Torralba Torregrosa, Alberto and Van Dokkum, Pieter and Van Der Wel, Arjen and Volonteri, Marta and Walter, Fabian and Wang, Bingjie and Watson, Darach and Whitaker, Katherine}, issn = {1476-4687}, journal = {Nature}, number = {8127}, pages = {329--333}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{A gas-enshrouded and gas-reddened black hole at cosmic dawn}}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-026-10846-4}, volume = {656}, year = {2026}, } @article{22750, abstract = {Robust oxygenic photosynthesis requires the efficient assembly and repair of the multi-subunit oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PSII) complex. Previous cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of PSII assembly/disassembly intermediates have relied on the analysis of deletion mutants or removal of PSII subunits in vitro. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of naturally occurring dimeric PSII intermediates from the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vestitus at a resolution of about 2.2 Å. These intermediates contain inactive dimers lacking the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and semi-active dimers with the OEC present in one of the two monomers. Our structural data provide a mechanism for how assembly and disassembly of the Mn4CaO5 cluster is coordinated with the binding and release of the extrinsic proteins: restructuring of the C-terminal tail of D1 subunit during assembly or disassembly of the Mn cluster triggers conformational changes in D2, CP47 and CP43 to drive the binding/release of the extrinsic proteins. A combination of structural and mass spectrometry data also suggests that the inactive PSII complexes may include damaged complexes containing oxidized D1-His332, a monodentate ligand to one of the Mn ions of the OEC.}, author = {Zhao, Ziyu and Vercellino, Irene and Whitelegge, Julian P. and Maghlaoui, Karim and Białek, Wojciech and Nixon, Peter J. and Sazanov, Leonid A}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Cryo-EM structures of naturally occurring dimeric photosystem II complexes lacking the Mn4CaO5 cluster}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-75324-x}, volume = {17}, year = {2026}, } @article{22752, abstract = {In this note we outline a new and simple approach to proving central limit theorems for various ‘global’ graph parameters that have robust ‘local’ approximations, using the Efron–Stein inequality, which relies on a combinatorial analysis of the stability of these approximations under resampling an edge. As an application, we give short proofs of a central limit theorem for the order of the giant component and of the 𝑘 -core for sparse random graphs.}, author = {Anastos, Michael and Erde, Joshua and Kang, Mihyun and Pfenninger, Vincent}, issn = {1469-2120}, journal = {Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society}, number = {8}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{A short proof of a central limit theorem for the order of the giant component and k-core}}, doi = {10.1112/blms.70464}, volume = {58}, year = {2026}, } @inproceedings{22754, abstract = {Quantitative automata (QAs) extend finite-state automata on infinite words with weighted transitions to specify quantitative system properties. However, their finite weight sets rule out properties like average response time, where response times can be arbitrarily large. Nested quantitative automata (NQAs) overcome this limitation: a parent automaton spawns child automata to compute unbounded values over finite infixes and aggregates them into a final result. Despite this expressiveness, NQAs have lacked practical tool support to date. We close this gap by extending the Quantitative Automata Kit (QuAK), a software tool for QA analysis, to support NQAs. Our core contribution is implementing a suite of flattening procedures that reduce NQAs to QAs, leveraging QuAK’s existing decision procedures. These reductions preserve the answers to threshold decision problems, while allowing users to specify properties in the more expressive NQA formalism. The tool handles all combinations of parent aggregators (including limits and averages) and child functions (extrema and monotonic or bounded summations) for which emptiness and universality are known to be decidable. Experiments on response-time and resource-consumption benchmarks demonstrate QuAK’s effectiveness.}, author = {Henzinger, Thomas A and Mazzocchi, Nicolas Adrien and Sarac, Naci E and Yılmaz, Harun}, booktitle = {38th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, isbn = {9783032325259}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Lisbon, Portugal}, pages = {418--432}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Extending QuAK with nested quantitative automata}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-032-32526-6_20}, volume = {16683}, year = {2026}, } @article{22755, abstract = {The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) posits how isolated quantum many-body systems thermalize, assuming that individual eigenstates at the same energy density have identical expectation values of local observables in the limit of large systems. While the ETH apparently holds across a wide range of interacting quantum systems, in this work, we show that it may require generalization in the presence of thermal first-order phase transitions. We introduce a class of all-to-all spin models, featuring first-order thermal phase transitions that stem from two distinct local maxima of entropy (two mean-field solutions that we dub “branches”) that exchange dominance in the many-body density of states as the energy is varied. We argue that, for energies in the vicinity of the thermal phase transition, eigenstate expectation values do not need to converge to the same thermal value. The system has a regime with coexistence of two classes of eigenstates corresponding to the two branches with distinct expectation values at the same energy density and another regime with Schrödinger-cat-like eigenstates that are interbranch superpositions; these two regimes are separated by an eigenstate phase transition. We propose a more general form of the ETH , support our results by semiclassical calculations and an exact diagonalization study of a microscopic spin model, and argue that the structure of eigenstates in the vicinity of thermal first-order phase transitions can be experimentally probed via nonequilibrium dynamics.}, author = {Serbyn, Maksym and Avdoshkin, Alexander and Diessel, Oriana K. and Huse, David A.}, issn = {2160-3308}, journal = {Physical Review X}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Eigenstate thermalization in thermal first-order phase transitions}}, doi = {10.1103/4zs8-7kf4}, volume = {16}, year = {2026}, } @article{22753, abstract = {Radial glial progenitors (RGPs) produce all excitatory neurons in the developing cerebral cortex. Mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM)-based lineage tracing in vivo has revealed a quantitative framework of RGP lineage progression1. Here we established MADM technology2,3 in mouse embryonic stem cells to probe RGP lineage progression in a self-organizing cortical organoid system. We found that RGPs exhibit a high level of plasticity in proliferative potential in organoids rather than strict temporally stereotyped lineage progression as observed in vivo. RGPs in organoids showed increased lineage restriction, diminishing cell-type diversity in clones of cortical projection neurons, despite uniform single-cell transcriptional signatures of RGPs and a unitary lineage trajectory. Thus, critical non-cell-autonomous cues that are absent in self-organizing systems and/or the genuine stem cell niche are essential for faithful temporal control of RGP lineage progression and the generation of clonal cortical cell-type diversity.}, author = {Stouffer, Melissa A and Miranda, Osvaldo and Pauler, Florian and Pipicelli, Fabrizia and Streicher, Carmen and Cheung, Giselle T and Hippenmeyer, Simon}, issn = {1476-4687}, journal = {Nature}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Temporal uncoupling of radial glia lineage progression in cortical organoids}}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-026-10916-7}, year = {2026}, } @article{22771, abstract = {Elucidating reaction mechanisms requires efficient generation of transition states (TSs) and products. Existing diffusion and sequence-based models accelerate parts of this process over traditional string-based methods, but typically still require manual enumeration of either TSs or products, and stochastic diffusion dynamics can be inefficient and hard to control. We introduce MolGEN, a conditional flow-matching framework that uses deterministic optimal transport to map Gaussian priors to chemical distributions. For TS generation, MolGEN improves TS geometry and barrier-height prediction over diffusion models while enabling sub-second sampling. For reaction product generation, it achieves competitive top-k accuracy while preserving mass and electron balance. Using the same backbone for TS and product sampling, MolGEN enables template-free generative exploration of reaction networks without the repeated quantum-chemistry searches required by prior methods. For the γ-ketohydroperoxide decomposition network, it produces more valid TSs than string-based methods using only 12 quantum-chemistry evaluations instead of 1156, and identifies a lower-barrier pathway.}, author = {Tuo, Ping and Chen, Jiale and Li, Ju}, issn = {2041-1723}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Flow matching for reaction pathway generation}}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-75654-w}, volume = {17}, year = {2026}, } @misc{22852, abstract = {This Research Data contains supplemental videos for Chapter 4 "Designing bistable nanostructures for target behavior" of my PhD Thesis "Biological functionality without biochemistry: designing nanomachines for target behavior". Supplemental video 1: Video showing the transition pathway of a bistable nanostructure with sphere-based arms, corresponding to the Machine in Scenario 4. Supplemental video 2: Video showing the transition pathway of the Source in Scenario 1. The arm tips change sides during the transition, demonstrating that the arms pass through each other. Supplemental video 3: Video showing the transition pathway of a fully polyhedral hinge structure with unconstrained arms. Note that we only show the ends of the arms. Supplemental video 4: Video showing the transition pathway of the coupled energy-delivery reaction of a Machine (gray) and a Source (blue) nanostructure for the optimized parameters in Scenario 3. Note that we only show the ends of the arms.}, author = {Ehrmann, Andreas}, keywords = {functional nanostructures, bistability, target behavior, transition pathway}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Supplemental videos for Designing bistable nanostructures for target behavior}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-22852}, year = {2026}, } @article{22769, abstract = {Using transition metals efficiently in aqueous batteries requires transferring multiple electrons per metal, which leads to difficult-to-manage conversion reactions. It is now shown how vanadium can be changed from one-electron insertion to four-electron conversion.}, author = {Freunberger, Stefan Alexander}, issn = {1476-4660}, journal = {Nature Materials}, number = {9}, pages = {1482--1483}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Triggering conversion in vanadium electrodes}}, doi = {10.1038/s41563-026-02714-3}, volume = {25}, year = {2026}, } @article{22773, abstract = {An important quantity in liquid state theory is the radial distribution function g(r). It can be calculated within the framework of classical density functional theory in two very distinct ways. In the test-particle route, one fixes a single fluid particle, turning it into an external potential in which the inhomogeneous structure of the fluid is calculated by minimizing the functional. The second route to g(r) in density functional theory employs the Ornstein–Zernike equation and the pair direct correlation function, that can be obtained from the second functional derivatives of the excess (over the ideal gas) free energy functional. Since typically an approximate excess free energy functional is employed, the test-particle route, which requires only one functional derivative, is more accurate than the Ornstein–Zernike route. Here we study a two-dimensional core-shoulder particle system and find that in some circumstances the results from the Ornstein–Zernike route can be comparable in accuracy to the test-particle results for r > σ, the core diameter. We also examine in detail the asymptotic r → ∞ decay of g(r), finding a variety of possible decay wavelengths at different state points and state points where there is a crossover from one wavelength to a very different one. This behavior is a signature pointing to the rich phase behavior of the incipient solid phases.}, author = {Wassermair, Michael and Kahl, Gerhard and Archer, Andrew J. and Roth, Roland}, issn = {1520-5207}, journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry B}, number = {33}, pages = {8514--8526}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Radial distribution function in a two-dimensional core-shoulder particle system}}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jpcb.6c00653}, volume = {130}, year = {2026}, } @article{22815, abstract = {The mass assembly and chemical enrichment of the first galaxies provide key insights into their star formation histories and the earliest stellar populations at cosmic dawn. Here we compile and utilise new, high-quality spectroscopic JWST/NIRSpec Prism observations from the JWST archive. In particular, we extend the wavelength coverage beyond the standard pipeline cut-off (5.3 μm) up to 5.5 μm, which enables for the first time a detailed examination of the rest-frame optical emission-line properties for galaxies at z ≈ 10. Crucially, the improved calibration allows us to detect Hβ and the [O III] λλ4959, 5007 doublet and resolve the auroral [O III] λ4363 line for the 11 galaxies in our sample (z = 9.3 − 10.0) to obtain direct Te-based metallicity measurements. We find that the interstellar medium (ISM) of all galaxies shows high ionisation fields and electron temperatures, with derived metallicities in the range 12 + log(O/H) = 7.1 − 8.3 (3–50% solar), consistent with previous strong-line diagnostics based on JWST data at high redshifts. We derive an empirical relation for MUV and 12 + log(O/H) at z ≈ 10, useful for future higher-redshift studies, and show that the sample galaxies are ‘typical’ star-forming galaxies though with relatively high specific star formation rates (median sSFR = SFRHβ/M★ = 38 Gyr−1) and with evidence of bursty star formation on 10 Myr versus 100 Myr timescales (log10(SFR10/SFR100)≈0.7). Combining the rest-frame optical line analysis and detailed UV to optical spectro-photometric modelling, we determine the mass-metallicity relation (MZR) and the fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) of the sample, pushing the previous redshift frontier of these measurements to z = 10. These results, together with literature measurements, point to a gradually decreasing MZR at higher redshifts, with a break in the FMR at z ≈ 3, decreasing to metallicities ≈3× lower at z = 10 than observed in galaxies during the majority of cosmic time at z = 0 − 3, likely caused by massive pristine gas inflows diluting the observed metal abundances during early galaxy assembly at cosmic dawn.}, author = {Pollock, Clara L. and Gottumukkala, Rashmi and Heintz, Kasper E. and Brammer, Gabriel B. and Roberts-Borsani, Guido and Oesch, Pascal A. and Witstok, Joris and Arellano-Córdova, Karla Z. and Cullen, Fergus and Scholte, Dirk and Terp, Chamilla and Rowland, Lucie and Sneppen, Albert and Ito, Kei and Valentino, Francesco and Matthee, Jorryt J and Watson, Darach and Toft, Sune}, issn = {1432-0746}, journal = {Astronomy & Astrophysics}, publisher = {EDP Sciences}, title = {{Novel z ∼ 10 auroral line measurements extend the gradual offset of the fundamental metallicity relation deep into the first gigayear of cosmic time}}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202556032}, volume = {708}, year = {2026}, } @article{22772, abstract = {The cytoplasmic antiviral sensor MDA5 is activated by double-stranded RNAs. Endogenous double-stranded RNAs are modified by the A-to-I RNA-editing ADAR family to prevent activation of MDA5. In vivo, cytoplasmic ADAR1p150 is critically required to suppress MDA5 activation, yet the editing signature of all ADAR isoforms is strongly overlapping in mice. Further, it is not clear how A-to-I modifications in dsRNA prevent MDA5 activation. Here we show that 3′ UTRs harboring inverted repeats activate MDA5 in vitro and in cells. In vitro editing by either ADAR isoform leads to editing at overlapping hotspot regions and prevents MDA5 activation in vitro and in cells. Remarkably, only inosines introduced by RNA editing are capable of suppressing MDA5 activation, while replacing guanosines with inosines during in vitro transcription has no impact on MDA5 activation. A comparison of inosines introduced by ADAR1p150 in vitro, in cells, and in vivo suggests that a small number of A-to-I conversions may be critically required to suppress MDA5 activation. As those critical editing events are predominantly altering A:U basepairs into I:U wobble basepairs, we suggest that the helical distortion introduced by those wobble pairs may prevent MDA5 polymerization and thus downstream activation of the type I interferon response.}, author = {Varada, Rajagopal and Leuchtenberger, Alina F. and Vesely, Cornelia and Kaczmarek, Beata M and Mansouri Khosravi, Hamid and Mandl, Therese C. and Milanovic, Katarina and Honarmand Tamizkar, Kasra and Rajendra, Vinod and Senoner, Hannes and Steinbichl, Linda and Borojevic, Marija and Sombke, Andy and Schmidt, Katy and Eckhard, Margret and Hofacker, Ivo L. and Walkley, Carl and Heraud-Farlow, Jacki E. and Picardi, Ernesto and Bernecky, Carrie A and Jantsch, Michael F.}, issn = {1362-4962}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, number = {16}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{Distinguishing self from non-self RNA by editing-specific inosine patterns}}, doi = {10.1093/nar/gkag845}, volume = {54}, year = {2026}, }