[{"date_updated":"2026-03-23T13:18:11Z","intvolume":" 8","citation":{"apa":"Volpe, G., Wählby, C., Tian, L., Hecht, M., Yakimovich, A., Monakhova, K., … Bergman, J. (2026). Roadmap on deep learning for microscopy. Journal of Physics: Photonics. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ae0fd1","ieee":"G. Volpe et al., “Roadmap on deep learning for microscopy,” Journal of Physics: Photonics, vol. 8, no. 1. IOP Publishing, 2026.","short":"G. Volpe, C. Wählby, L. Tian, M. Hecht, A. Yakimovich, K. Monakhova, L. Waller, I.F. Sbalzarini, C.A. Metzler, M. Xie, K. Zhang, I.C. Lenton, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, D. Brunner, B. Bai, A. Ozcan, D. Midtvedt, H. Wang, T. Li, N. Sladoje, J. Lindblad, J.T. Smith, M. Ochoa, M. Barroso, X. Intes, T. Qiu, L.Y. Yu, S. You, Y. Liu, M.A. Ziatdinov, S.V. Kalinin, A. Sheridan, U. Manor, E. Nehme, O. Goldenberg, Y. Shechtman, H.K. Moberg, C. Langhammer, B. Špačková, S. Helgadottir, B. Midtvedt, A. Argun, T. Thalheim, F. Cichos, S. Bo, L. Hubatsch, J. Pineda, C. Manzo, H. Bachimanchi, E. Selander, A. Homs-Corbera, M. Fränzl, K. De Haan, Y. Rivenson, Z. Korczak, C.B. Adiels, M. Mijalkov, D. Veréb, Y.W. Chang, J.B. Pereira, D. Matuszewski, G. Kylberg, I.M. Sintorn, J.C. Caicedo, B.A. Cimini, M.A. Lediju Bell, B.M. Saraiva, G. Jacquemet, R. Henriques, W. Ouyang, T. Le, E. Gómez-De-Mariscal, D. Sage, A. Muñoz-Barrutia, E.J. Lindqvist, J. Bergman, Journal of Physics: Photonics 8 (2026).","mla":"Volpe, Giovanni, et al. “Roadmap on Deep Learning for Microscopy.” Journal of Physics: Photonics, vol. 8, no. 1, 012501, IOP Publishing, 2026, doi:10.1088/2515-7647/ae0fd1.","chicago":"Volpe, Giovanni, Carolina Wählby, Lei Tian, Michael Hecht, Artur Yakimovich, Kristina Monakhova, Laura Waller, et al. “Roadmap on Deep Learning for Microscopy.” Journal of Physics: Photonics. IOP Publishing, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ae0fd1.","ama":"Volpe G, Wählby C, Tian L, et al. Roadmap on deep learning for microscopy. Journal of Physics: Photonics. 2026;8(1). doi:10.1088/2515-7647/ae0fd1","ista":"Volpe G, Wählby C, Tian L, Hecht M, Yakimovich A, Monakhova K, Waller L, Sbalzarini IF, Metzler CA, Xie M, Zhang K, Lenton IC, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H, Brunner D, Bai B, Ozcan A, Midtvedt D, Wang H, Li T, Sladoje N, Lindblad J, Smith JT, Ochoa M, Barroso M, Intes X, Qiu T, Yu LY, You S, Liu Y, Ziatdinov MA, Kalinin SV, Sheridan A, Manor U, Nehme E, Goldenberg O, Shechtman Y, Moberg HK, Langhammer C, Špačková B, Helgadottir S, Midtvedt B, Argun A, Thalheim T, Cichos F, Bo S, Hubatsch L, Pineda J, Manzo C, Bachimanchi H, Selander E, Homs-Corbera A, Fränzl M, De Haan K, Rivenson Y, Korczak Z, Adiels CB, Mijalkov M, Veréb D, Chang YW, Pereira JB, Matuszewski D, Kylberg G, Sintorn IM, Caicedo JC, Cimini BA, Lediju Bell MA, Saraiva BM, Jacquemet G, Henriques R, Ouyang W, Le T, Gómez-De-Mariscal E, Sage D, Muñoz-Barrutia A, Lindqvist EJ, Bergman J. 2026. Roadmap on deep learning for microscopy. Journal of Physics: Photonics. 8(1), 012501."},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Through digital imaging, microscopy has evolved from primarily being a means for visual observation of life at the micro- and nano-scale, to a quantitative tool with ever-increasing resolution and throughput. Artificial intelligence, deep neural networks, and machine learning (ML) are all niche terms describing computational methods that have gained a pivotal role in microscopy-based research over the past decade. This Roadmap encompasses key aspects of how ML is applied to microscopy image data, with the aim of gaining scientific knowledge by improved image quality, automated detection, segmentation, classification and tracking of objects, and efficient merging of information from multiple imaging modalities. We aim to give the reader an overview of the key developments and an understanding of possibilities and limitations of ML for microscopy. It will be of interest to a wide cross-disciplinary audience in the physical sciences and life sciences."}],"has_accepted_license":"1","date_published":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"file":[{"file_id":"21375","file_name":"2026_JPhysPhotonics_Volpe.pdf","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":16789781,"date_created":"2026-03-02T09:05:53Z","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2026-03-02T09:05:53Z","creator":"dernst","checksum":"172720f1f0c5c9d06a282e52023a0030","relation":"main_file"}],"month":"03","volume":8,"ddc":["530"],"article_number":"012501","issue":"1","publication":"Journal of Physics: Photonics","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Giovanni","last_name":"Volpe","full_name":"Volpe, Giovanni"},{"last_name":"Wählby","first_name":"Carolina","full_name":"Wählby, Carolina"},{"full_name":"Tian, Lei","last_name":"Tian","first_name":"Lei"},{"full_name":"Hecht, Michael","first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Hecht"},{"last_name":"Yakimovich","first_name":"Artur","full_name":"Yakimovich, Artur"},{"full_name":"Monakhova, Kristina","first_name":"Kristina","last_name":"Monakhova"},{"first_name":"Laura","last_name":"Waller","full_name":"Waller, Laura"},{"last_name":"Sbalzarini","first_name":"Ivo F.","full_name":"Sbalzarini, Ivo F."},{"full_name":"Metzler, Christopher A.","first_name":"Christopher A.","last_name":"Metzler"},{"full_name":"Xie, Mingyang","first_name":"Mingyang","last_name":"Xie"},{"full_name":"Zhang, Kevin","first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Zhang"},{"first_name":"Isaac C","orcid":"0000-0002-5010-6984","last_name":"Lenton","id":"a550210f-223c-11ec-8182-e2d45e817efb","full_name":"Lenton, Isaac C"},{"full_name":"Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Halina","last_name":"Rubinsztein-Dunlop","first_name":"Halina"},{"full_name":"Brunner, Daniel","last_name":"Brunner","first_name":"Daniel"},{"full_name":"Bai, Bijie","last_name":"Bai","first_name":"Bijie"},{"full_name":"Ozcan, Aydogan","last_name":"Ozcan","first_name":"Aydogan"},{"full_name":"Midtvedt, Daniel","last_name":"Midtvedt","first_name":"Daniel"},{"last_name":"Wang","first_name":"Hao","full_name":"Wang, Hao"},{"full_name":"Li, Tongyu","last_name":"Li","first_name":"Tongyu"},{"last_name":"Sladoje","first_name":"Nataša","full_name":"Sladoje, Nataša"},{"first_name":"Joakim","last_name":"Lindblad","full_name":"Lindblad, Joakim"},{"full_name":"Smith, Jason T.","last_name":"Smith","first_name":"Jason T."},{"full_name":"Ochoa, Marien","first_name":"Marien","last_name":"Ochoa"},{"first_name":"Margarida","last_name":"Barroso","full_name":"Barroso, Margarida"},{"last_name":"Intes","first_name":"Xavier","full_name":"Intes, Xavier"},{"full_name":"Qiu, Tong","first_name":"Tong","last_name":"Qiu"},{"first_name":"Li Yu","last_name":"Yu","full_name":"Yu, Li Yu"},{"last_name":"You","first_name":"Sixian","full_name":"You, Sixian"},{"first_name":"Yongtao","last_name":"Liu","full_name":"Liu, Yongtao"},{"first_name":"Maxim A.","last_name":"Ziatdinov","full_name":"Ziatdinov, Maxim A."},{"first_name":"Sergei V.","last_name":"Kalinin","full_name":"Kalinin, Sergei V."},{"full_name":"Sheridan, Arlo","first_name":"Arlo","last_name":"Sheridan"},{"first_name":"Uri","last_name":"Manor","full_name":"Manor, Uri"},{"last_name":"Nehme","first_name":"Elias","full_name":"Nehme, Elias"},{"first_name":"Ofri","last_name":"Goldenberg","full_name":"Goldenberg, Ofri"},{"first_name":"Yoav","last_name":"Shechtman","full_name":"Shechtman, Yoav"},{"last_name":"Moberg","first_name":"Henrik K.","full_name":"Moberg, Henrik K."},{"full_name":"Langhammer, Christoph","last_name":"Langhammer","first_name":"Christoph"},{"full_name":"Špačková, Barbora","first_name":"Barbora","last_name":"Špačková"},{"first_name":"Saga","last_name":"Helgadottir","full_name":"Helgadottir, Saga"},{"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Midtvedt","full_name":"Midtvedt, Benjamin"},{"first_name":"Aykut","last_name":"Argun","full_name":"Argun, Aykut"},{"full_name":"Thalheim, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Thalheim"},{"full_name":"Cichos, Frank","first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Cichos"},{"full_name":"Bo, Stefano","last_name":"Bo","first_name":"Stefano"},{"last_name":"Hubatsch","first_name":"Lars","full_name":"Hubatsch, Lars"},{"first_name":"Jesus","last_name":"Pineda","full_name":"Pineda, Jesus"},{"full_name":"Manzo, Carlo","first_name":"Carlo","last_name":"Manzo"},{"full_name":"Bachimanchi, Harshith","last_name":"Bachimanchi","first_name":"Harshith"},{"first_name":"Erik","last_name":"Selander","full_name":"Selander, Erik"},{"full_name":"Homs-Corbera, Antoni","first_name":"Antoni","last_name":"Homs-Corbera"},{"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Fränzl","full_name":"Fränzl, Martin"},{"full_name":"De Haan, Kevin","first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"De Haan"},{"first_name":"Yair","last_name":"Rivenson","full_name":"Rivenson, Yair"},{"first_name":"Zofia","last_name":"Korczak","full_name":"Korczak, Zofia"},{"last_name":"Adiels","first_name":"Caroline Beck","full_name":"Adiels, Caroline Beck"},{"full_name":"Mijalkov, Mite","first_name":"Mite","last_name":"Mijalkov"},{"last_name":"Veréb","first_name":"Dániel","full_name":"Veréb, Dániel"},{"full_name":"Chang, Yu Wei","last_name":"Chang","first_name":"Yu Wei"},{"full_name":"Pereira, Joana B.","last_name":"Pereira","first_name":"Joana B."},{"first_name":"Damian","last_name":"Matuszewski","full_name":"Matuszewski, Damian"},{"full_name":"Kylberg, Gustaf","last_name":"Kylberg","first_name":"Gustaf"},{"full_name":"Sintorn, Ida Maria","first_name":"Ida Maria","last_name":"Sintorn"},{"last_name":"Caicedo","first_name":"Juan C.","full_name":"Caicedo, Juan C."},{"full_name":"Cimini, Beth A.","last_name":"Cimini","first_name":"Beth A."},{"first_name":"Muyinatu A.","last_name":"Lediju Bell","full_name":"Lediju Bell, Muyinatu A."},{"full_name":"Saraiva, Bruno M.","last_name":"Saraiva","first_name":"Bruno M."},{"full_name":"Jacquemet, Guillaume","first_name":"Guillaume","last_name":"Jacquemet"},{"full_name":"Henriques, Ricardo","first_name":"Ricardo","last_name":"Henriques"},{"full_name":"Ouyang, Wei","last_name":"Ouyang","first_name":"Wei"},{"full_name":"Le, Trang","first_name":"Trang","last_name":"Le"},{"last_name":"Gómez-De-Mariscal","first_name":"Estibaliz","full_name":"Gómez-De-Mariscal, Estibaliz"},{"full_name":"Sage, Daniel","first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Sage"},{"full_name":"Muñoz-Barrutia, Arrate","first_name":"Arrate","last_name":"Muñoz-Barrutia"},{"full_name":"Lindqvist, Ebba Josefson","last_name":"Lindqvist","first_name":"Ebba Josefson"},{"full_name":"Bergman, Johanna","last_name":"Bergman","first_name":"Johanna"}],"date_created":"2026-03-01T23:01:39Z","quality_controlled":"1","_id":"21370","oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1088/2515-7647/ae0fd1","file_date_updated":"2026-03-02T09:05:53Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"OA_place":"publisher","DOAJ_listed":"1","article_type":"original","arxiv":1,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2515-7647"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","article_processing_charge":"Yes","title":"Roadmap on deep learning for microscopy","day":"01","external_id":{"arxiv":["2303.03793"]},"oa":1,"type":"journal_article","PlanS_conform":"1","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"year":"2026","OA_type":"gold","publication_status":"published","publisher":"IOP Publishing"},{"intvolume":" 10","date_updated":"2026-04-28T07:13:56Z","date_published":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","citation":{"apa":"Lara, M., Flores, M., Castillo, G., Tassara, S., Waitukaitis, S. R., & Mujica, N. (2026). Particle size scaling of non-Gaussian granular charge distributions. Physical Review Materials. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/qw6t-xqdw","short":"M. Lara, M. Flores, G. Castillo, S. Tassara, S.R. Waitukaitis, N. Mujica, Physical Review Materials 10 (2026).","mla":"Lara, Macarena, et al. “Particle Size Scaling of Non-Gaussian Granular Charge Distributions.” Physical Review Materials, vol. 10, no. 4, 045604, American Physical Society, 2026, doi:10.1103/qw6t-xqdw.","ieee":"M. Lara, M. Flores, G. Castillo, S. Tassara, S. R. Waitukaitis, and N. Mujica, “Particle size scaling of non-Gaussian granular charge distributions,” Physical Review Materials, vol. 10, no. 4. American Physical Society, 2026.","chicago":"Lara, Macarena, Marcos Flores, Gustavo Castillo, Santiago Tassara, Scott R Waitukaitis, and Nicolás Mujica. “Particle Size Scaling of Non-Gaussian Granular Charge Distributions.” Physical Review Materials. American Physical Society, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1103/qw6t-xqdw.","ama":"Lara M, Flores M, Castillo G, Tassara S, Waitukaitis SR, Mujica N. Particle size scaling of non-Gaussian granular charge distributions. Physical Review Materials. 2026;10(4). doi:10.1103/qw6t-xqdw","ista":"Lara M, Flores M, Castillo G, Tassara S, Waitukaitis SR, Mujica N. 2026. Particle size scaling of non-Gaussian granular charge distributions. Physical Review Materials. 10(4), 045604."},"abstract":[{"text":"Dielectric particles of the same material exchange electrical charge during collisions or sliding contacts, yet the underlying charge-exchange mechanism is still not understood. The fact that particles can become highly charged as a result of this effect has significant consequences for many settings, both in nature and industry, such as thunderstorms, volcanic eruptions, particle aggregation during meteorite and planet formation, and the clogging of industrial granular systems. Toward understanding these systems, great efforts have been made to develop precise in situ measurements for particle charge, e.g., to determine ensemble charge distributions or measure exchange during individual contacts. Here, we present experimental results concerning the particle size scaling of the stationary-state charge distributions of oxide particles in the sub-millimeter range. We measure the charge distributions for large ensembles of monodisperse ZrO2:SiO2 composite spheres, ranging from 172 to 545µ⁢m in diameter. These distributions are non-Gaussian and collapse to a single master curve when plotted as functions of the surface charge density Σ=𝑞/4⁢𝜋⁢𝑅2. X-ray fluorescence and atomic force microscopy measurements show that the differences in the measured charge distributions are not due to variations in chemical composition or surface roughness, but rather to size alone. Our findings provide constraints on microscopic models for charge exchange, namely that they should lead to steady-state distributions that are non-Gaussian and scale in a specific way with particle size.","lang":"eng"}],"month":"04","volume":10,"acknowledgement":"This research was supported by ANID Grants QUIMAL No. 160001, FONDECYT No. 1221597, and FONDEQUIP No. EQM190177. The authors thank Rodrigo Espinoza for the EDS-SEM measurements and Domingo Jullian for fruitful discussions. We also acknowledge the technical assistance of Ricardo Silva and Andrés Espinosa at DFI, FCFM, Universidad de Chile.","article_number":"045604","status":"public","author":[{"full_name":"Lara, Macarena","last_name":"Lara","first_name":"Macarena"},{"last_name":"Flores","first_name":"Marcos","full_name":"Flores, Marcos"},{"last_name":"Castillo","first_name":"Gustavo","full_name":"Castillo, Gustavo"},{"first_name":"Santiago","last_name":"Tassara","full_name":"Tassara, Santiago"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","first_name":"Scott R","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Mujica","first_name":"Nicolás","full_name":"Mujica, Nicolás"}],"publication":"Physical Review Materials","issue":"4","quality_controlled":"1","date_created":"2026-04-26T22:01:47Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"original","_id":"21765","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"None","doi":"10.1103/qw6t-xqdw","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Particle size scaling of non-Gaussian granular charge distributions","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2475-9953"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"publication_status":"published","year":"2026","OA_type":"closed access","publisher":"American Physical Society","day":"01","type":"journal_article"},{"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"949120"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"754411"}],"date_created":"2026-03-23T15:04:00Z","OA_place":"publisher","file_date_updated":"2026-03-24T06:57:08Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"21485","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-10088-w","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"ScienComp"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"title":"Adventitious carbon breaks symmetry in oxide contact electrification","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1476-4687"],"issn":["0028-0836"]},"PlanS_conform":"1","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"},{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","publication_status":"published","year":"2026","OA_type":"hybrid","oa":1,"day":"18","external_id":{"pmid":["41851325"]},"pmid":1,"type":"journal_article","intvolume":" 651","date_updated":"2026-04-28T12:06:01Z","date_published":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/colliding-dust-and-the-sparks-of-creation/","description":"News on ISTA website","relation":"press_release"}]},"tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"citation":{"ama":"Grosjean GM, Ostermann M, Sauer M, et al. Adventitious carbon breaks symmetry in oxide contact electrification. Nature. 2026;651(8106):626-631. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-10088-w","chicago":"Grosjean, Galien M, Markus Ostermann, Markus Sauer, Michael Hahn, Christian M. Pichler, Florian Fahrnberger, Felix Pertl, et al. “Adventitious Carbon Breaks Symmetry in Oxide Contact Electrification.” Nature. Springer Nature, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-10088-w.","mla":"Grosjean, Galien M., et al. “Adventitious Carbon Breaks Symmetry in Oxide Contact Electrification.” Nature, vol. 651, no. 8106, Springer Nature, 2026, pp. 626–31, doi:10.1038/s41586-025-10088-w.","short":"G.M. Grosjean, M. Ostermann, M. Sauer, M. Hahn, C.M. Pichler, F. Fahrnberger, F. Pertl, D. Balazs, M.M. Link, S.H. Kim, D.L. Schrader, A. Blanco, F. Gracia, N. Mujica, S.R. Waitukaitis, Nature 651 (2026) 626–631.","ieee":"G. M. Grosjean et al., “Adventitious carbon breaks symmetry in oxide contact electrification,” Nature, vol. 651, no. 8106. Springer Nature, pp. 626–631, 2026.","apa":"Grosjean, G. M., Ostermann, M., Sauer, M., Hahn, M., Pichler, C. M., Fahrnberger, F., … Waitukaitis, S. R. (2026). Adventitious carbon breaks symmetry in oxide contact electrification. Nature. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-10088-w","ista":"Grosjean GM, Ostermann M, Sauer M, Hahn M, Pichler CM, Fahrnberger F, Pertl F, Balazs D, Link MM, Kim SH, Schrader DL, Blanco A, Gracia F, Mujica N, Waitukaitis SR. 2026. Adventitious carbon breaks symmetry in oxide contact electrification. Nature. 651(8106), 626–631."},"abstract":[{"text":"Insulating oxides are among the most abundant solid materials in the universe1,2,3. Of the many ways in which they influence natural phenomena, perhaps the most consequential is their capacity to transfer electrical charge during contact4,5,6,7,8,9,10—which occurs even between samples of the same oxide—yet the symmetry-breaking parameter that causes this remains unidentified11,12. Here we show that adventitious carbonaceous molecules adsorbed from the environment are the symmetry-breaking factor in same-material oxide contact electrification (CE). We use acoustic levitation to measure charge exchange between a sphere and a plate composed of identical amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2). Although charging polarity is random for co-prepared samples, we control it with baking or plasma treatment. Observing the charge-exchange relaxation afterwards, we see dynamics over a timescale of hours and connect this directly to the presence of adventitious carbon with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, low-energy ion scattering and infrared spectroscopy. Going further, we confirm that adventitious carbon can even determine charge exchange among different oxides. Our results identify the symmetry-breaking parameter that causes insulating oxides to exchange charge in settings ranging from desert sands4 to volcanic plumes5,6, while simultaneously highlighting an overlooked factor in CE more broadly.","lang":"eng"}],"corr_author":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","month":"03","ddc":["540"],"ec_funded":1,"acknowledgement":"This project has received support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 949120) and from the Marie Skłodowska-Curie programme (grant agreement no. 754411). We acknowledge the state of Lower Austria and the European Regional Development Fund under grant no. WST3-F-542638/004-2021. N.M. acknowledges support from grant Fondecyt 1221597. G.G. is a Serra Húnter fellow. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of the Institute of Science and Technology Austria through resources provided by the Miba Machine Shop, Nanofabrication Facility, Scientific Computing facility and Lab Support Facility. We thank the Modic group for the use of the Laue camera, T. Zauner for the photography of the experimental set-up and R. Möller for insightful discussions. Open access funding provided by Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria).","volume":651,"file":[{"file_size":12245694,"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_name":"2026_Nature_Grosjean.pdf","file_id":"21494","relation":"main_file","checksum":"dafef9ed575b44be4263e948a47ae056","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2026-03-24T06:57:08Z","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2026-03-24T06:57:08Z"}],"page":"626-631","author":[{"full_name":"Grosjean, Galien M","id":"0C5FDA4A-9CF6-11E9-8939-FF05E6697425","first_name":"Galien M","last_name":"Grosjean","orcid":"0000-0001-5154-417X"},{"full_name":"Ostermann, Markus","last_name":"Ostermann","first_name":"Markus"},{"first_name":"Markus","last_name":"Sauer","full_name":"Sauer, Markus"},{"full_name":"Hahn, Michael","last_name":"Hahn","first_name":"Michael"},{"first_name":"Christian M.","last_name":"Pichler","full_name":"Pichler, Christian M."},{"full_name":"Fahrnberger, Florian","last_name":"Fahrnberger","first_name":"Florian"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-0463-5794","last_name":"Pertl","first_name":"Felix","id":"6313aec0-15b2-11ec-abd3-ed67d16139af","full_name":"Pertl, Felix"},{"id":"302BADF6-85FC-11EA-9E3B-B9493DDC885E","full_name":"Balazs, Daniel","first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Balazs","orcid":"0000-0001-7597-043X"},{"first_name":"Mason M.","last_name":"Link","full_name":"Link, Mason M."},{"last_name":"Kim","first_name":"Seong H.","full_name":"Kim, Seong H."},{"full_name":"Schrader, Devin L.","last_name":"Schrader","first_name":"Devin L."},{"full_name":"Blanco, Adriana","first_name":"Adriana","last_name":"Blanco"},{"full_name":"Gracia, Francisco","last_name":"Gracia","first_name":"Francisco"},{"full_name":"Mujica, Nicolás","last_name":"Mujica","first_name":"Nicolás"},{"first_name":"Scott R","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"status":"public","publication":"Nature","issue":"8106"},{"PlanS_conform":"1","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"publisher":"Wiley","publication_status":"published","year":"2025","OA_type":"gold","oa":1,"external_id":{"isi":["001560163400001"],"arxiv":["2506.07187"]},"day":"01","type":"journal_article","title":"A duality between surface charge and work function in scanning Kelvin probe microscopy","article_processing_charge":"Yes","arxiv":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2196-7350"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"OA_place":"publisher","file_date_updated":"2025-12-30T09:31:11Z","article_type":"original","DOAJ_listed":"1","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"20295","doi":"10.1002/admi.202500521","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"ScienComp"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"949120"}],"isi":1,"date_created":"2025-09-07T22:01:33Z","author":[{"last_name":"Lenton","orcid":"0000-0002-5010-6984","first_name":"Isaac C","full_name":"Lenton, Isaac C","id":"a550210f-223c-11ec-8182-e2d45e817efb"},{"first_name":"Felix","last_name":"Pertl","orcid":"0000-0003-0463-5794","full_name":"Pertl, Felix","id":"6313aec0-15b2-11ec-abd3-ed67d16139af"},{"last_name":"Shafeek","orcid":"0000-0001-7180-6050","first_name":"Lubuna B","full_name":"Shafeek, Lubuna B","id":"3CD37A82-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Scott R","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"status":"public","publication":"Advanced Materials Interfaces","issue":"19","month":"10","article_number":"e00521","ddc":["530"],"ec_funded":1,"volume":12,"acknowledgement":"This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 949120). This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of The Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) through resources provided by the Miba Machine Shop, Nanofabrication Facility, Scientific Computing Facility, and Lab Support Facility. The authors wish to thank Dmytro Rak and Juan Carlos Sobarzo for letting us use their equipment. The authors wish to thank Evgeniia Volobueva for advice in preparing PFIB samples. The authors wish to thank the contributions of the whole Waitukaitis group for useful discussions and feedback.","file":[{"relation":"main_file","checksum":"906fcc7733be8ce8a83600427b82cd5a","date_updated":"2025-12-30T09:31:11Z","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-12-30T09:31:11Z","file_size":1830117,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2025_AdvMaterialsInterfaces_Lenton.pdf","success":1,"file_id":"20908"}],"date_published":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"citation":{"ista":"Lenton IC, Pertl F, Shafeek LB, Waitukaitis SR. 2025. A duality between surface charge and work function in scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. Advanced Materials Interfaces. 12(19), e00521.","ama":"Lenton IC, Pertl F, Shafeek LB, Waitukaitis SR. A duality between surface charge and work function in scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. Advanced Materials Interfaces. 2025;12(19). doi:10.1002/admi.202500521","chicago":"Lenton, Isaac C, Felix Pertl, Lubuna B Shafeek, and Scott R Waitukaitis. “A Duality between Surface Charge and Work Function in Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy.” Advanced Materials Interfaces. Wiley, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202500521.","ieee":"I. C. Lenton, F. Pertl, L. B. Shafeek, and S. R. Waitukaitis, “A duality between surface charge and work function in scanning Kelvin probe microscopy,” Advanced Materials Interfaces, vol. 12, no. 19. Wiley, 2025.","mla":"Lenton, Isaac C., et al. “A Duality between Surface Charge and Work Function in Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy.” Advanced Materials Interfaces, vol. 12, no. 19, e00521, Wiley, 2025, doi:10.1002/admi.202500521.","short":"I.C. Lenton, F. Pertl, L.B. Shafeek, S.R. Waitukaitis, Advanced Materials Interfaces 12 (2025).","apa":"Lenton, I. C., Pertl, F., Shafeek, L. B., & Waitukaitis, S. R. (2025). A duality between surface charge and work function in scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. Advanced Materials Interfaces. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202500521"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) is a powerful technique for macroscopic imaging of the electrostatic potential above a surface. Though most often used to image work-function variations of conductive surfaces, it can also be used to probe the surface charge on insulating surfaces. In both cases, relating the measured potential to the underlying signal is non-trivial. Here, general relationships are derived between the measured SKPM voltage and the underlying source, revealing either can be cast as a convolution with an appropriately scaled point spread function (PSF). For charge that exists on a thin insulating layer above a conductor, the PSF has the same shape as what would occur from a work-function variation alone, differing by a simple scaling factor. This relationship is confirmed by: (1) backing it out from finite-element simulations of work-function and charge signals, and (2) experimentally comparing the measured PSF from a small work-function target to that from a small charge spot. This scaling factor is further validated by comparing SKPM charge measurements with Faraday cup measurements for highly charged samples from contact-charging experiments. These results highlight a heretofore unappreciated connection between SKPM voltage and charge signals, offering a rigorous recipe to extract either from experimental data."}],"has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","intvolume":" 12","date_updated":"2025-12-30T09:31:25Z"},{"ddc":["530"],"article_number":"146202","acknowledgement":"This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 949120). This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of The Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) through resources provided by the Miba Machine Shop, the Nanofabrication Facility and Lab Support Facility.","volume":135,"ec_funded":1,"month":"09","file":[{"checksum":"7e45e89b8db0b7f01e63185c68e4b0f9","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2025-10-23T09:32:31Z","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2025-10-23T09:32:31Z","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1692251,"file_id":"20522","file_name":"2025_PhysReviewLetters_Pertl.pdf","success":1}],"author":[{"id":"6313aec0-15b2-11ec-abd3-ed67d16139af","full_name":"Pertl, Felix","first_name":"Felix","orcid":"0000-0003-0463-5794","last_name":"Pertl"},{"first_name":"Isaac C","last_name":"Lenton","orcid":"0000-0002-5010-6984","full_name":"Lenton, Isaac C","id":"a550210f-223c-11ec-8182-e2d45e817efb"},{"full_name":"Cramer, Tobias","last_name":"Cramer","first_name":"Tobias"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","first_name":"Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R"}],"status":"public","publication":"Physical Review Letters","issue":"14","intvolume":" 135","date_updated":"2025-12-01T14:57:53Z","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"20523","status":"public","relation":"research_data"}]},"date_published":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is widely used in stationary and dynamic studies of contact electrification. An obvious question that connects these two has been overlooked: when are charge dynamics too fast for stationary studies to be meaningful? Using a rapid transfer system to quickly perform KPFM after contact, we find the dynamics are too fast in all but the best insulators. Our data further suggest that dynamics are caused by bulk as opposed to surface conductivity, and that charge-transfer heterogeneity is less prevalent than previously suggested."}],"citation":{"ista":"Pertl F, Lenton IC, Cramer T, Waitukaitis SR. 2025. No time for surface charge: How bulk conductivity hides charge patterns from Kelvin probe force microscopy in contact-electrified surfaces. Physical Review Letters. 135(14), 146202.","ieee":"F. Pertl, I. C. Lenton, T. Cramer, and S. R. Waitukaitis, “No time for surface charge: How bulk conductivity hides charge patterns from Kelvin probe force microscopy in contact-electrified surfaces,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 135, no. 14. American Physical Society, 2025.","mla":"Pertl, Felix, et al. “No Time for Surface Charge: How Bulk Conductivity Hides Charge Patterns from Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Contact-Electrified Surfaces.” Physical Review Letters, vol. 135, no. 14, 146202, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:10.1103/lcsm-xxty.","short":"F. Pertl, I.C. Lenton, T. Cramer, S.R. Waitukaitis, Physical Review Letters 135 (2025).","apa":"Pertl, F., Lenton, I. C., Cramer, T., & Waitukaitis, S. R. (2025). No time for surface charge: How bulk conductivity hides charge patterns from Kelvin probe force microscopy in contact-electrified surfaces. Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/lcsm-xxty","ama":"Pertl F, Lenton IC, Cramer T, Waitukaitis SR. No time for surface charge: How bulk conductivity hides charge patterns from Kelvin probe force microscopy in contact-electrified surfaces. Physical Review Letters. 2025;135(14). doi:10.1103/lcsm-xxty","chicago":"Pertl, Felix, Isaac C Lenton, Tobias Cramer, and Scott R Waitukaitis. “No Time for Surface Charge: How Bulk Conductivity Hides Charge Patterns from Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Contact-Electrified Surfaces.” Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1103/lcsm-xxty."},"title":"No time for surface charge: How bulk conductivity hides charge patterns from Kelvin probe force microscopy in contact-electrified surfaces","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0031-9007"],"eissn":["1079-7114"]},"arxiv":1,"publisher":"American Physical Society","publication_status":"published","year":"2025","OA_type":"hybrid","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"PlanS_conform":"1","type":"journal_article","oa":1,"external_id":{"arxiv":["2502.12718"],"isi":["001587263900003"]},"day":"30","project":[{"name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"949120"}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_created":"2025-10-16T13:13:29Z","isi":1,"article_type":"original","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"OA_place":"publisher","file_date_updated":"2025-10-23T09:32:31Z","doi":"10.1103/lcsm-xxty","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"20481"},{"ec_funded":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","ddc":["530"],"title":"No Time for Surface Charge: How Bulk Conductivity Hides Charge Patterns from Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Contact-Electrified Surfaces","month":"02","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2025","OA_type":"green","publisher":"Zenodo","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14888054"}],"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0003-0463-5794","last_name":"Pertl","first_name":"Felix","id":"6313aec0-15b2-11ec-abd3-ed67d16139af","full_name":"Pertl, Felix"}],"type":"research_data_reference","day":"18","oa":1,"project":[{"grant_number":"949120","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa"}],"date_created":"2025-10-23T09:34:58Z","date_updated":"2025-12-01T14:57:52Z","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","status":"public","id":"20481"}]},"date_published":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","OA_place":"repository","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.14888054","has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","_id":"20523","abstract":[{"text":"Includes all data and Python code needed to reproduce figures for the publication: No Time for Surface Charge: How Bulk Conductivity Hides Charge Patterns from Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Contact-Electrified Surfaces.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"apa":"Pertl, F. (2025). No Time for Surface Charge: How Bulk Conductivity Hides Charge Patterns from Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Contact-Electrified Surfaces. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14888054","ieee":"F. Pertl, “No Time for Surface Charge: How Bulk Conductivity Hides Charge Patterns from Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Contact-Electrified Surfaces.” Zenodo, 2025.","mla":"Pertl, Felix. No Time for Surface Charge: How Bulk Conductivity Hides Charge Patterns from Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Contact-Electrified Surfaces. Zenodo, 2025, doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14888054.","short":"F. Pertl, (2025).","chicago":"Pertl, Felix. “No Time for Surface Charge: How Bulk Conductivity Hides Charge Patterns from Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Contact-Electrified Surfaces.” Zenodo, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14888054.","ama":"Pertl F. No Time for Surface Charge: How Bulk Conductivity Hides Charge Patterns from Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Contact-Electrified Surfaces. 2025. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.14888054","ista":"Pertl F. 2025. No Time for Surface Charge: How Bulk Conductivity Hides Charge Patterns from Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in Contact-Electrified Surfaces, Zenodo, 10.5281/ZENODO.14888054."},"oa_version":"Published Version"},{"intvolume":" 112","date_updated":"2025-12-29T11:19:34Z","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"date_published":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","corr_author":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","abstract":[{"text":"We report on an experimental active matter system with motion restricted to four cardinal directions. Our particles are magnetite-doped colloidal spheres driven by the Quincke electrorotational instability. The absence of a magnetic field (|𝑩|=0) leads to circular trajectories interspersed with short spontaneous runs. Intermediate fields (|𝑩|≲20mT) linearize the motion along the axis perpendicular to 𝑩. At high magnetic fields, we observe the surprising emergence of a second, distinct linearization along the axis parallel to 𝑩. With numerical simulations, we show that this behavior can be explained by anisotropic magnetic susceptibility.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"ista":"Fitzgerald E, Clavaud C, Das D, Lenton IC, Waitukaitis SR. 2025. Rolling at right angles: Magnetic anisotropy enables dual-anisotropic active matter. Physical Review E. 112(6), 065418.","ieee":"E. Fitzgerald, C. Clavaud, D. Das, I. C. Lenton, and S. R. Waitukaitis, “Rolling at right angles: Magnetic anisotropy enables dual-anisotropic active matter,” Physical Review E, vol. 112, no. 6. American Physical Society, 2025.","mla":"Fitzgerald, Eavan, et al. “Rolling at Right Angles: Magnetic Anisotropy Enables Dual-Anisotropic Active Matter.” Physical Review E, vol. 112, no. 6, 065418, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:10.1103/1ss8-31rb.","short":"E. Fitzgerald, C. Clavaud, D. Das, I.C. Lenton, S.R. Waitukaitis, Physical Review E 112 (2025).","apa":"Fitzgerald, E., Clavaud, C., Das, D., Lenton, I. C., & Waitukaitis, S. R. (2025). Rolling at right angles: Magnetic anisotropy enables dual-anisotropic active matter. Physical Review E. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/1ss8-31rb","ama":"Fitzgerald E, Clavaud C, Das D, Lenton IC, Waitukaitis SR. Rolling at right angles: Magnetic anisotropy enables dual-anisotropic active matter. Physical Review E. 2025;112(6). doi:10.1103/1ss8-31rb","chicago":"Fitzgerald, Eavan, Cécile Clavaud, Debasish Das, Isaac C Lenton, and Scott R Waitukaitis. “Rolling at Right Angles: Magnetic Anisotropy Enables Dual-Anisotropic Active Matter.” Physical Review E. American Physical Society, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1103/1ss8-31rb."},"volume":112,"acknowledgement":"This research was funded in whole or in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [Grant DOI: 10.55776/ESP298]. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant\r\nAgreement No. 949120). This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of The Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) through resources provided by the Miba Machine Shop, Nanofabrication Facility, Scientific Computing Facility, and Lab Support Facility. We wish to acknowledge the crucial contributions of Alexandre Morin in getting the project off the ground, and Jack Merrin for creating the SU-8 deposition protocol used in the construction of our\r\ncells. We also wish to thank Kimberley Modic and Hamza Nasir for their work on single-particle characterization. ","ec_funded":1,"ddc":["530"],"article_number":"065418","month":"12","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":2131491,"file_id":"20862","success":1,"file_name":"2025_PhysReviewE_Fitzgerald.pdf","checksum":"d593e933f976c3f3cde37ad66539d57d","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-12-29T11:15:42Z","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2025-12-29T11:15:42Z"}],"status":"public","author":[{"last_name":"Fitzgerald","first_name":"Eavan","full_name":"Fitzgerald, Eavan","id":"2df8ab8f-080d-11ed-979a-bfe651ca3afa"},{"full_name":"Clavaud, Cécile","id":"5f654c5d-04a1-11eb-ab36-ba9ffec58bd8","orcid":"0000-0002-1843-3803","last_name":"Clavaud","first_name":"Cécile"},{"first_name":"Debasish","last_name":"Das","full_name":"Das, Debasish"},{"full_name":"Lenton, Isaac C","id":"a550210f-223c-11ec-8182-e2d45e817efb","orcid":"0000-0002-5010-6984","last_name":"Lenton","first_name":"Isaac C"},{"full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Waitukaitis","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","first_name":"Scott R"}],"issue":"6","publication":"Physical Review E","project":[{"name":"MixQUIckR: Mixing with QUIncke Rollers","_id":"bd8eede5-d553-11ed-ba76-eaded0d13485","grant_number":"E 298"},{"name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"949120"}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_created":"2025-12-21T23:01:34Z","article_type":"original","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"OA_place":"publisher","file_date_updated":"2025-12-29T11:15:42Z","doi":"10.1103/1ss8-31rb","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"ScienComp"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"_id":"20847","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","title":"Rolling at right angles: Magnetic anisotropy enables dual-anisotropic active matter","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2470-0053"],"issn":["2470-0045"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","arxiv":1,"OA_type":"hybrid","publication_status":"published","year":"2025","publisher":"American Physical Society","PlanS_conform":"1","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"type":"journal_article","external_id":{"arxiv":["2508.05643"]},"day":"01","oa":1},{"issue":"50","publication":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","author":[{"first_name":"Sue","last_name":"Shi","full_name":"Shi, Sue","id":"5c5b9247-15b2-11ec-abd3-fd958715639c"},{"id":"5eb8629e-15b2-11ec-abd3-e6f3e5e01f32","full_name":"Hübl, Maximilian","first_name":"Maximilian","last_name":"Hübl"},{"full_name":"Grosjean, Galien M","id":"0C5FDA4A-9CF6-11E9-8939-FF05E6697425","last_name":"Grosjean","orcid":"0000-0001-5154-417X","first_name":"Galien M"},{"full_name":"Goodrich, Carl Peter","id":"EB352CD2-F68A-11E9-89C5-A432E6697425","last_name":"Goodrich","orcid":"0000-0002-1307-5074","first_name":"Carl Peter"},{"first_name":"Scott R","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"status":"public","file":[{"file_name":"2025_PNAS_Shi.pdf","success":1,"file_id":"20744","file_size":10621381,"content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2025-12-09T12:45:53Z","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-12-09T12:45:53Z","relation":"main_file","checksum":"c40dc4c909724b9d1146636612e8821a"}],"page":"e2516865122","month":"12","ddc":["530"],"acknowledgement":"We thank Dustin Kleckner, Jack-William Barotta, and Daniel M. Harris for insightful discussions. We acknowledge the Miba machine shop at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria for instrumentation support. M.C.H. and C.P.G. acknowledge funding by the Gesellschaft für Forschungsförderung Niederösterreich under project FTI23-G-011.","volume":122,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Acoustic levitation provides a unique method for manipulating small particles as it completely evades effects from gravity, container walls, or physical handling. These advantages make it a tantalizing platform for studying complex phenomena in many-particle systems. In most standing-wave traps, however, particles interact via acoustic scattering forces that cause them to merge into a single dense object. Here, we introduce a complementary approach that combines acoustic levitation with electrostatic charging to assemble, adapt, and activate complex, separated many-particle systems. The key idea is to superimpose electrostatic repulsion on the intrinsic acoustic attraction, rendering a so-called “mermaid” potential where interactions are attractive at short range and repulsive at long range. By controlling the attraction–repulsion balance, we can levitate expanded structures where all particles are separated, collapsed structures where they are in contact, and hybrid ones consisting of both expanded and collapsed components. We find that collapsed and expanded structures are inherently stable, whereas hybrid ones exhibit transient stability governed by acoustically unstable dimers. Furthermore, we show how electrostatics allow us to adapt between configurations on the fly, either by quasistatic discharge or discrete up/down charge steps. Finally, we demonstrate how large structures experience selective energy pumping from the acoustic field—thrusting some particles into motion while others remain stationary—leading to complex dynamics including coupled rotations and oscillations. Our approach establishes a design space beyond acoustic collapse, offering possibilities to study many-particle systems with complex interactions, while suggesting pathways toward scalable integration into materials processing and other applications."}],"citation":{"short":"S. Shi, M. Hübl, G.M. Grosjean, C.P. Goodrich, S.R. Waitukaitis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (2025) e2516865122.","mla":"Shi, Sue, et al. “Electrostatics Overcome Acoustic Collapse to Assemble, Adapt, and Activate Levitated Matter.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 122, no. 50, National Academy of Sciences, 2025, p. e2516865122, doi:10.1073/pnas.2516865122.","ieee":"S. Shi, M. Hübl, G. M. Grosjean, C. P. Goodrich, and S. R. Waitukaitis, “Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 122, no. 50. National Academy of Sciences, p. e2516865122, 2025.","apa":"Shi, S., Hübl, M., Grosjean, G. M., Goodrich, C. P., & Waitukaitis, S. R. (2025). Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2516865122","ama":"Shi S, Hübl M, Grosjean GM, Goodrich CP, Waitukaitis SR. Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2025;122(50):e2516865122. doi:10.1073/pnas.2516865122","chicago":"Shi, Sue, Maximilian Hübl, Galien M Grosjean, Carl Peter Goodrich, and Scott R Waitukaitis. “Electrostatics Overcome Acoustic Collapse to Assemble, Adapt, and Activate Levitated Matter.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2516865122.","ista":"Shi S, Hübl M, Grosjean GM, Goodrich CP, Waitukaitis SR. 2025. Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 122(50), e2516865122."},"has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","date_published":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)"},"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/science-is-like-magic-just-real/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on ISTA website"}],"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"20749"}]},"date_updated":"2026-04-28T13:00:10Z","intvolume":" 122","oa":1,"day":"16","external_id":{"arxiv":["2507.01739"]},"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"},{"_id":"CaGo"}],"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","publication_status":"published","OA_type":"hybrid","year":"2025","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","arxiv":1,"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1091-6490"]},"title":"Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter","article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"20727","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2516865122","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"OA_place":"publisher","file_date_updated":"2025-12-09T12:45:53Z","article_type":"original","date_created":"2025-12-07T23:02:00Z","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"grant_number":"FTI23-G-011","name":"Dynamically reconfigurable self-assembly with triangular DNA-origami bricks","_id":"8dd93da8-16d5-11f0-9cad-d2c70200d9a5"}]},{"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","title":"Using optical tweezers to simultaneously trap, charge, and measure the charge of a microparticle in air","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1079-7114"],"issn":["0031-9007"]},"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","arxiv":1,"year":"2025","publication_status":"published","OA_type":"hybrid","publisher":"American Physical Society","PlanS_conform":"1","department":[{"_id":"ZhAl"},{"_id":"CaMu"},{"_id":"ScWa"}],"type":"journal_article","external_id":{"arxiv":["2507.17591"]},"day":"21","oa":1,"project":[{"_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"949120"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Organization of CLoUdS, and implications of Tropical cyclones and for the Energetics of the tropics, in current and waRming climate","_id":"629205d8-2b32-11ec-9570-e1356ff73576","grant_number":"805041"}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_created":"2025-11-30T23:02:07Z","article_type":"original","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2025-12-01T08:19:46Z","OA_place":"publisher","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"doi":"10.1103/5xd9-4tjj","_id":"20705","oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","volume":135,"ec_funded":1,"acknowledgement":"We thank Todor Asenov and Abdulhamid Baghdadi for their outstanding technical support and Dr. Michael Gleichweit and Mercede Azizbaig Mohajer for the helpful discussions. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreements No. 949120 and No. 805041) and the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, Project No. 200021-236446). This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) through resources provided by the Miba Machine Shop and the Scientific Computing service unit.","ddc":["530","550"],"article_number":"218202","month":"11","file":[{"file_size":1761373,"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_name":"2025_PhysReviewLetters_Stoellner.pdf","file_id":"20717","relation":"main_file","checksum":"a5f76b1230cc7b039ecd0dbd6f99e775","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2025-12-01T08:19:46Z","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-12-01T08:19:46Z"}],"status":"public","author":[{"id":"4bdcf7f6-eb97-11eb-a6c2-9981bbdc3bed","full_name":"Stöllner, Andrea","first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Stöllner","orcid":"0000-0002-0464-8440"},{"first_name":"Isaac C","orcid":"0000-0002-5010-6984","last_name":"Lenton","id":"a550210f-223c-11ec-8182-e2d45e817efb","full_name":"Lenton, Isaac C"},{"full_name":"Volosniev, Artem","id":"37D278BC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-0393-5525","last_name":"Volosniev","first_name":"Artem"},{"full_name":"Millen, James","first_name":"James","last_name":"Millen"},{"last_name":"Shibuya","first_name":"Renjiro","full_name":"Shibuya, Renjiro"},{"full_name":"Ishii, Hisao","first_name":"Hisao","last_name":"Ishii"},{"id":"70313b46-47c2-11ec-9e88-cd79101918fe","full_name":"Rak, Dmytro","last_name":"Rak","first_name":"Dmytro"},{"first_name":"Zhanybek","orcid":"0000-0002-7183-5203","last_name":"Alpichshev","id":"45E67A2A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Alpichshev, Zhanybek"},{"last_name":"David","first_name":"Grégory","full_name":"David, Grégory"},{"first_name":"Ruth","last_name":"Signorell","full_name":"Signorell, Ruth"},{"last_name":"Muller","orcid":"0000-0001-5836-5350","first_name":"Caroline J","full_name":"Muller, Caroline J","id":"f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b"},{"full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Waitukaitis","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","first_name":"Scott R"}],"publication":"Physical Review Letters","issue":"21","intvolume":" 135","date_updated":"2026-04-28T13:09:27Z","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/trapping-particles-to-explain-lightning/","description":"News on ISTA website","relation":"press_release"}]},"date_published":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Optical tweezers are widely used as a highly sensitive tool to measure forces on micron-scale particles. One such application is the measurement of the electric charge of a particle, which can be done with high precision in liquids, air, or vacuum. We experimentally investigate how the trapping laser itself can electrically charge such a particle, in our case a ∼1  μ⁢m SiO2 sphere in air. We model the charging mechanism as a two-photon process which reproduces the experimental data with high fidelity.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"ista":"Stöllner A, Lenton IC, Volosniev A, Millen J, Shibuya R, Ishii H, Rak D, Alpichshev Z, David G, Signorell R, Muller CJ, Waitukaitis SR. 2025. Using optical tweezers to simultaneously trap, charge, and measure the charge of a microparticle in air. Physical Review Letters. 135(21), 218202.","chicago":"Stöllner, Andrea, Isaac C Lenton, Artem Volosniev, James Millen, Renjiro Shibuya, Hisao Ishii, Dmytro Rak, et al. “Using Optical Tweezers to Simultaneously Trap, Charge, and Measure the Charge of a Microparticle in Air.” Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1103/5xd9-4tjj.","ama":"Stöllner A, Lenton IC, Volosniev A, et al. Using optical tweezers to simultaneously trap, charge, and measure the charge of a microparticle in air. Physical Review Letters. 2025;135(21). doi:10.1103/5xd9-4tjj","apa":"Stöllner, A., Lenton, I. C., Volosniev, A., Millen, J., Shibuya, R., Ishii, H., … Waitukaitis, S. R. (2025). Using optical tweezers to simultaneously trap, charge, and measure the charge of a microparticle in air. Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/5xd9-4tjj","ieee":"A. Stöllner et al., “Using optical tweezers to simultaneously trap, charge, and measure the charge of a microparticle in air,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 135, no. 21. American Physical Society, 2025.","short":"A. Stöllner, I.C. Lenton, A. Volosniev, J. Millen, R. Shibuya, H. Ishii, D. Rak, Z. Alpichshev, G. David, R. Signorell, C.J. Muller, S.R. Waitukaitis, Physical Review Letters 135 (2025).","mla":"Stöllner, Andrea, et al. “Using Optical Tweezers to Simultaneously Trap, Charge, and Measure the Charge of a Microparticle in Air.” Physical Review Letters, vol. 135, no. 21, 218202, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:10.1103/5xd9-4tjj."}},{"date_updated":"2026-04-28T13:00:10Z","date_created":"2025-12-09T13:36:16Z","date_published":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","OA_place":"repository","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"20727","status":"public","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"_id":"20749","citation":{"ista":"Shi S. 2025. Datasets and code for manuscript ‘Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter’, Zenodo, 10.5281/ZENODO.15752991.","ama":"Shi S. Datasets and code for manuscript “Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter.” 2025. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.15752991","chicago":"Shi, Sue. “Datasets and Code for Manuscript ‘Electrostatics Overcome Acoustic Collapse to Assemble, Adapt, and Activate Levitated Matter.’” Zenodo, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15752991.","ieee":"S. Shi, “Datasets and code for manuscript ‘Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter.’” Zenodo, 2025.","mla":"Shi, Sue. Datasets and Code for Manuscript “Electrostatics Overcome Acoustic Collapse to Assemble, Adapt, and Activate Levitated Matter.” Zenodo, 2025, doi:10.5281/ZENODO.15752991.","short":"S. Shi, (2025).","apa":"Shi, S. (2025). Datasets and code for manuscript “Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter.” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15752991"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Datasets and code for publication \"Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter\""}],"oa_version":"Published Version","has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.15752991","contributor":[{"id":"5eb8629e-15b2-11ec-abd3-e6f3e5e01f32","last_name":"Hübl","first_name":"Maximilian"},{"id":"0C5FDA4A-9CF6-11E9-8939-FF05E6697425","last_name":"Grosjean","orcid":"0000-0001-5154-417X","first_name":"Galien M"}],"month":"11","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Datasets and code for manuscript \"Electrostatics overcome acoustic collapse to assemble, adapt, and activate levitated matter\"","ddc":["530"],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"},{"_id":"CaGo"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15752991","open_access":"1"}],"status":"public","author":[{"last_name":"Shi","first_name":"Sue","id":"5c5b9247-15b2-11ec-abd3-fd958715639c","full_name":"Shi, Sue"}],"OA_type":"green","year":"2025","publisher":"Zenodo","day":"10","oa":1,"type":"research_data_reference"},{"file":[{"file_size":3807415,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2025_Nature_Sobarzo.pdf","success":1,"file_id":"19289","relation":"main_file","checksum":"fecf302274dd3218d3e7dd22f39a6c0c","date_updated":"2025-03-04T10:05:18Z","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2025-03-04T10:05:18Z","access_level":"open_access"}],"ec_funded":1,"volume":638,"acknowledgement":"This project has received financing from the European Research Council grant agreement no. 949120 under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The Analytical Instrumentation Center of the TU Wien acknowledges support by the FFG project ‘ELSA’ under grant no. 884672. C.M.P. and M.O. acknowledge the state of Lower Austria and the European Regional Development Fund under grant no. WST3-F-542638/004-2021. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of the Institute of Science and Technology Austria through resources provided by the Miba Machine Shop, Nanofabrication Facility, Scientific Computing facility, Electron Microscopy Facility and Lab Support Facility. We thank J. Garcia-Suarez and G. Anciaux for the suggestion to look into the roughness power spectral density. We thank I.-M. Strugaru for help with testing the device for Young’s modulus measurements. Open access funding provided by Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria).","article_number":"664-669","ddc":["530"],"month":"02","issue":"8051","publication":"Nature","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Juan Carlos A","last_name":"Sobarzo Ponce","full_name":"Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A","id":"4B807D68-AE37-11E9-AC72-31CAE5697425"},{"id":"6313aec0-15b2-11ec-abd3-ed67d16139af","full_name":"Pertl, Felix","first_name":"Felix","last_name":"Pertl","orcid":"0000-0003-0463-5794"},{"id":"302BADF6-85FC-11EA-9E3B-B9493DDC885E","full_name":"Balazs, Daniel","orcid":"0000-0001-7597-043X","last_name":"Balazs","first_name":"Daniel"},{"id":"D93824F4-D9BA-11E9-BB12-F207E6697425","full_name":"Costanzo, Tommaso","last_name":"Costanzo","orcid":"0000-0001-9732-3815","first_name":"Tommaso"},{"full_name":"Sauer, Markus","first_name":"Markus","last_name":"Sauer"},{"last_name":"Foelske","first_name":"Annette","full_name":"Foelske, Annette"},{"full_name":"Ostermann, Markus","last_name":"Ostermann","first_name":"Markus"},{"full_name":"Pichler, Christian M.","last_name":"Pichler","first_name":"Christian M."},{"full_name":"Wang, Yongkang","first_name":"Yongkang","last_name":"Wang"},{"full_name":"Nagata, Yuki","first_name":"Yuki","last_name":"Nagata"},{"last_name":"Bonn","first_name":"Mischa","full_name":"Bonn, Mischa"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","first_name":"Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R"}],"date_updated":"2026-04-28T13:44:56Z","intvolume":" 638","has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","citation":{"ista":"Sobarzo Ponce JCA, Pertl F, Balazs D, Costanzo T, Sauer M, Foelske A, Ostermann M, Pichler CM, Wang Y, Nagata Y, Bonn M, Waitukaitis SR. 2025. Spontaneous ordering of identical materials into a triboelectric series. Nature. 638(8051), 664–669.","apa":"Sobarzo Ponce, J. C. A., Pertl, F., Balazs, D., Costanzo, T., Sauer, M., Foelske, A., … Waitukaitis, S. R. (2025). Spontaneous ordering of identical materials into a triboelectric series. Nature. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08530-6","ieee":"J. C. A. Sobarzo Ponce et al., “Spontaneous ordering of identical materials into a triboelectric series,” Nature, vol. 638, no. 8051. Springer Nature, 2025.","short":"J.C.A. Sobarzo Ponce, F. Pertl, D. Balazs, T. Costanzo, M. Sauer, A. Foelske, M. Ostermann, C.M. Pichler, Y. Wang, Y. Nagata, M. Bonn, S.R. Waitukaitis, Nature 638 (2025).","mla":"Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A., et al. “Spontaneous Ordering of Identical Materials into a Triboelectric Series.” Nature, vol. 638, no. 8051, 664–669, Springer Nature, 2025, doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08530-6.","chicago":"Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A, Felix Pertl, Daniel Balazs, Tommaso Costanzo, Markus Sauer, Annette Foelske, Markus Ostermann, et al. “Spontaneous Ordering of Identical Materials into a Triboelectric Series.” Nature. Springer Nature, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08530-6.","ama":"Sobarzo Ponce JCA, Pertl F, Balazs D, et al. Spontaneous ordering of identical materials into a triboelectric series. Nature. 2025;638(8051). doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08530-6"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"When two insulating, neutral materials are contacted and separated, they exchange electrical charge1. Experiments have long suggested that this ‘contact electrification’ is transitive, with different materials ordering into ‘triboelectric series’ based on the sign of charge acquired2. At the same time, the effect is plagued by unpredictability, preventing consensus on the mechanism and casting doubt on the rhyme and reason that series imply3. Here we expose an unanticipated connection between the unpredictability and order in contact electrification: nominally identical materials initially exchange charge randomly and intransitively, but—over repeated experiments—order into triboelectric series. We find that this evolution is driven by the act of contact itself—samples with more contacts in their history charge negatively to ones with fewer contacts. Capturing this ‘contact bias’ in a minimal model, we recreate both the initial randomness and ultimate order in numerical simulations and use it experimentally to force the appearance of a triboelectric series of our choosing. With a set of surface-sensitive techniques to search for the underlying alterations contact creates, we only find evidence of nanoscale morphological changes, pointing to a mechanism strongly coupled with mechanics. Our results highlight the centrality of contact history in contact electrification and suggest that focusing on the unpredictability that has long plagued the effect may hold the key to understanding it."}],"tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/an-electrifying-turn-in-an-age-old-quest/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on ISTA website"}],"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"20203"}]},"date_published":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0028-0836"],"eissn":["1476-4687"]},"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","title":"Spontaneous ordering of identical materials into a triboelectric series","type":"journal_article","day":"20","external_id":{"isi":["001428076100015"],"pmid":["39972227"]},"pmid":1,"oa":1,"publication_status":"published","year":"2025","OA_type":"hybrid","publisher":"Springer Nature","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"}],"date_created":"2025-03-02T23:01:52Z","isi":1,"project":[{"_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"949120"}],"quality_controlled":"1","doi":"10.1038/s41586-024-08530-6","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"ScienComp"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"_id":"19278","oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","OA_place":"publisher","file_date_updated":"2025-03-04T10:05:18Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"date_updated":"2026-04-28T13:44:56Z","citation":{"ista":"Sobarzo Ponce JCA. 2025. Tribocharging of identical insulators : Triboelectric series, triboelectric cycles and surface charges. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","ama":"Sobarzo Ponce JCA. Tribocharging of identical insulators : Triboelectric series, triboelectric cycles and surface charges. 2025. doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-20203","chicago":"Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A. “Tribocharging of Identical Insulators : Triboelectric Series, Triboelectric Cycles and Surface Charges.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20203.","mla":"Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A. Tribocharging of Identical Insulators : Triboelectric Series, Triboelectric Cycles and Surface Charges. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025, doi:10.15479/AT-ISTA-20203.","short":"J.C.A. Sobarzo Ponce, Tribocharging of Identical Insulators : Triboelectric Series, Triboelectric Cycles and Surface Charges, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.","ieee":"J. C. A. Sobarzo Ponce, “Tribocharging of identical insulators : Triboelectric series, triboelectric cycles and surface charges,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2025.","apa":"Sobarzo Ponce, J. C. A. (2025). Tribocharging of identical insulators : Triboelectric series, triboelectric cycles and surface charges. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT-ISTA-20203"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Tribocharging, or contact electrification, is the phenomenon in which two initially neutral materials exchange electric charge through contact and subsequent separation. While it is widely observed in everyday life and crucial to numerous natural processes, even the most basic aspects of tribocharging are still a mystery—what are the charge carriers involved and what drives their exchange? This work spans three separate projects that address different aspects of tribocharging. First, we introduce a novel strategy combining Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations with Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) to quantitatively extract surface charge density from surface voltage maps. Second, we present a simple theoretical model that allows for the existence of triboelectric cycles, under the assumption that multiple charge carrying species are involved. Third, we present experimental evidence that identical materials can spontaneously evolve into a triboelectric series, driven by contact history. Modeling this behavior enables the replication of experimental results with simulations, and even experimentally forcing the appearance of a pre-designed series by manipulating contact history. Together, the findings from these projects challenge traditional views on tribocharging, provide new tools for probing it, and open up new avenues of research—all with the hopes of bringing us closer to understanding this puzzling phenomenon."}],"supervisor":[{"id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","first_name":"Scott R"}],"corr_author":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","date_published":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"12109","status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"15322"},{"id":"19278","status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation"}]},"tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"file":[{"checksum":"661b9d3786cfc985be811befc3262bf5","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-08-27T14:50:32Z","date_updated":"2025-08-27T14:50:32Z","creator":"jsobarzo","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":12667200,"file_id":"20237","file_name":"2025_Sobarzo_JuanCarlos_Thesis.pdf","success":1},{"relation":"source_file","checksum":"ca2f24e6c3b55912982521707552a0f5","date_updated":"2025-08-28T08:19:07Z","creator":"jsobarzo","date_created":"2025-08-27T14:50:32Z","access_level":"closed","file_size":18940521,"content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","file_name":"2025_Sobarzo_JuanCarlos_Thesis.zip","file_id":"20238"}],"page":"96","month":"08","ec_funded":1,"acknowledgement":"The project in Chapter 2 has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under\r\nthe European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement\r\nNo. 949120).\r\nThe project in Chapter 3 has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under\r\nthe European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement\r\nNo. 949120).\r\nThe project in Chapter 4 has received financing from the European Research Council grant\r\nagreement No. 949120 under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\r\nprogramme. The Analytical Instrumentation Center of the TU Wien acknowledges support by\r\nthe FFG project ‘ELSA’ under grant no. 884672. C.M.P. and M.O. acknowledge the state\r\nof Lower Austria and the European Regional Development Fund under grant no. WST3-F542638/004-2021.\r\n","ddc":["530"],"degree_awarded":"PhD","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"status":"public","author":[{"last_name":"Sobarzo Ponce","first_name":"Juan Carlos A","id":"4B807D68-AE37-11E9-AC72-31CAE5697425","full_name":"Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A"}],"date_created":"2025-08-21T11:42:59Z","project":[{"grant_number":"949120","_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"_id":"20203","oa_version":"Published Version","doi":"10.15479/AT-ISTA-20203","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"EM-Fac"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2025-08-28T08:19:07Z","OA_place":"publisher","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-99078-062-6"],"issn":["2663-337X"]},"user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Tribocharging of identical insulators : Triboelectric series, triboelectric cycles and surface charges","day":"27","oa":1,"type":"dissertation","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"ScWa"}],"publication_status":"published","year":"2025","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria"},{"status":"public","author":[{"full_name":"Lenton, Isaac C","id":"a550210f-223c-11ec-8182-e2d45e817efb","last_name":"Lenton","orcid":"0000-0002-5010-6984","first_name":"Isaac C"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-0463-5794","last_name":"Pertl","first_name":"Felix","id":"6313aec0-15b2-11ec-abd3-ed67d16139af","full_name":"Pertl, Felix"},{"id":"3CD37A82-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Shafeek, Lubuna B","last_name":"Shafeek","orcid":"0000-0001-7180-6050","first_name":"Lubuna B"},{"last_name":"Waitukaitis","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","first_name":"Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R"}],"issue":"4","publication":"Journal of Applied Physics","month":"07","ec_funded":1,"acknowledgement":"This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 949120). This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) through resources provided by the Miba Machine Shop, Nanofabrication Facility, Scientific Computing Facility, and Lab Support Facility. The authors wish to thank Dmytro Rak and Juan Carlos Sobarzo for letting us use their equipment. The authors wish to thank the contributions of the whole Waitukaitis Group for useful discussions and feedback.","volume":136,"ddc":["530"],"article_number":"045305","file":[{"file_id":"17386","success":1,"file_name":"2024_JourApplPhysics_Lenton.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":2537502,"date_created":"2024-08-05T08:19:58Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2024-08-05T08:19:58Z","checksum":"6141d05cd68d540a7446dce9490975db","relation":"main_file"}],"date_published":"2024-07-28T00:00:00Z","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)"},"citation":{"ista":"Lenton IC, Pertl F, Shafeek LB, Waitukaitis SR. 2024. Beyond the blur: Using experimentally determined point spread functions to improve scanning Kelvin probe imaging. Journal of Applied Physics. 136(4), 045305.","apa":"Lenton, I. C., Pertl, F., Shafeek, L. B., & Waitukaitis, S. R. (2024). Beyond the blur: Using experimentally determined point spread functions to improve scanning Kelvin probe imaging. Journal of Applied Physics. AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0215151","short":"I.C. Lenton, F. Pertl, L.B. Shafeek, S.R. Waitukaitis, Journal of Applied Physics 136 (2024).","ieee":"I. C. Lenton, F. Pertl, L. B. Shafeek, and S. R. Waitukaitis, “Beyond the blur: Using experimentally determined point spread functions to improve scanning Kelvin probe imaging,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 136, no. 4. AIP Publishing, 2024.","mla":"Lenton, Isaac C., et al. “Beyond the Blur: Using Experimentally Determined Point Spread Functions to Improve Scanning Kelvin Probe Imaging.” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 136, no. 4, 045305, AIP Publishing, 2024, doi:10.1063/5.0215151.","chicago":"Lenton, Isaac C, Felix Pertl, Lubuna B Shafeek, and Scott R Waitukaitis. “Beyond the Blur: Using Experimentally Determined Point Spread Functions to Improve Scanning Kelvin Probe Imaging.” Journal of Applied Physics. AIP Publishing, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0215151.","ama":"Lenton IC, Pertl F, Shafeek LB, Waitukaitis SR. Beyond the blur: Using experimentally determined point spread functions to improve scanning Kelvin probe imaging. Journal of Applied Physics. 2024;136(4). doi:10.1063/5.0215151"},"abstract":[{"text":"Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) is a powerful technique for investigating the electrostatic properties of material surfaces, enabling the imaging of variations in work function, topology, surface charge density, or combinations thereof. Regardless of the underlying signal source, SKPM results in a voltage image, which is spatially distorted due to the finite size of the probe, long-range electrostatic interactions, mechanical and electrical noise, and the finite response time of the electronics. In order to recover the underlying signal, it is necessary to deconvolve the measurement with an appropriate point spread function (PSF) that accounts the aforementioned distortions, but determining this PSF is difficult. Here, we describe how such PSFs can be determined experimentally and show how they can be used to recover the underlying information of interest. We first consider the physical principles that enable SKPM and discuss how these affect the system PSF. We then show how one can experimentally measure PSFs by looking at well-defined features, and that these compare well to simulated PSFs, provided scans are performed extremely slowly and carefully. Next, we work at realistic scan speeds and show that the idealized PSFs fail to capture temporal distortions in the scan direction. While simulating PSFs for these situations would be quite challenging, we show that measuring PSFs with similar scan conditions works well. Our approach clarifies the basic principles and inherent challenges to SKPM measurements and gives practical methods to improve results.","lang":"eng"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","intvolume":" 136","date_updated":"2025-09-08T08:47:42Z","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"year":"2024","publication_status":"published","publisher":"AIP Publishing","day":"28","external_id":{"isi":["001281681100003"]},"oa":1,"type":"journal_article","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Beyond the blur: Using experimentally determined point spread functions to improve scanning Kelvin probe imaging","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1089-7550"],"issn":["0021-8979"]},"user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2024-08-05T08:19:58Z","article_type":"original","_id":"17373","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"ScienComp"}],"doi":"10.1063/5.0215151","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","grant_number":"949120"}],"isi":1,"date_created":"2024-08-04T22:01:21Z"},{"month":"03","volume":109,"article_number":"L032108","status":"public","author":[{"last_name":"Sobarzo Ponce","first_name":"Juan Carlos A","full_name":"Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A","id":"4B807D68-AE37-11E9-AC72-31CAE5697425"},{"first_name":"Scott R","last_name":"Waitukaitis","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R"}],"issue":"3","publication":"Physical Review E","intvolume":" 109","date_updated":"2026-04-07T11:50:54Z","date_published":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"20203"}]},"citation":{"ista":"Sobarzo Ponce JCA, Waitukaitis SR. 2024. Multiple charge carrier species as a possible cause for triboelectric cycles. Physical Review E. 109(3), L032108.","ama":"Sobarzo Ponce JCA, Waitukaitis SR. Multiple charge carrier species as a possible cause for triboelectric cycles. Physical Review E. 2024;109(3). doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.109.L032108","chicago":"Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A, and Scott R Waitukaitis. “Multiple Charge Carrier Species as a Possible Cause for Triboelectric Cycles.” Physical Review E. American Physical Society, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.109.L032108.","ieee":"J. C. A. Sobarzo Ponce and S. R. Waitukaitis, “Multiple charge carrier species as a possible cause for triboelectric cycles,” Physical Review E, vol. 109, no. 3. American Physical Society, 2024.","short":"J.C.A. Sobarzo Ponce, S.R. Waitukaitis, Physical Review E 109 (2024).","mla":"Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A., and Scott R. Waitukaitis. “Multiple Charge Carrier Species as a Possible Cause for Triboelectric Cycles.” Physical Review E, vol. 109, no. 3, L032108, American Physical Society, 2024, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.109.L032108.","apa":"Sobarzo Ponce, J. C. A., & Waitukaitis, S. R. (2024). Multiple charge carrier species as a possible cause for triboelectric cycles. Physical Review E. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.109.L032108"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The tendency of materials to order in triboelectric series has prompted suggestions that contact electrification might have a single, unified underlying description. However, the possibility of “triboelectric cycles,” i.e., series that loop back onto themselves, is seemingly at odds with such a coherent description. In this work, we propose that if multiple charge carrying species are at play, both triboelectric series and cycles are possible. We show how series arise naturally if only a single charge carrier species is involved and if the driving mechanism is approach toward thermodynamic equilibrium, and simultaneously, that cycles are forbidden under such conditions. Suspecting multiple carriers might relax the situation, we affirm this is the case by explicit construction of a cycle involving two carriers, and then extend this to show how more complex cycles emerge. Our work highlights the importance of series and cycles towards determining the underlying mechanism(s) and carrier(s) in contact electrification."}],"corr_author":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Multiple charge carrier species as a possible cause for triboelectric cycles","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2470-0045"],"eissn":["2470-0053"]},"user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"year":"2024","publication_status":"published","publisher":"American Physical Society","pmid":1,"external_id":{"isi":["001199745200004"],"pmid":["38632754"]},"day":"29","type":"journal_article","quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"date_created":"2024-04-14T22:01:03Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"letter_note","_id":"15322","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"None","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevE.109.L032108"},{"quality_controlled":"1","isi":1,"date_created":"2023-11-12T23:00:55Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2023-11-13T09:12:58Z","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","scopus_import":"1","_id":"14514","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.168201","title":"Modeling Leidenfrost levitation of soft elastic solids","article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0031-9007"],"eissn":["1079-7114"]},"department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"publisher":"American Physical Society","year":"2023","publication_status":"published","oa":1,"external_id":{"isi":["001164388300007"],"pmid":["37925690"]},"pmid":1,"day":"20","type":"journal_article","intvolume":" 131","date_updated":"2025-09-09T13:19:07Z","date_published":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"14523"}]},"tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"abstract":[{"text":"The elastic Leidenfrost effect occurs when a vaporizable soft solid is lowered onto a hot surface. Evaporative flow couples to elastic deformation, giving spontaneous bouncing or steady-state floating. The effect embodies an unexplored interplay between thermodynamics, elasticity, and lubrication: despite being observed, its basic theoretical description remains a challenge. Here, we provide a theory of elastic Leidenfrost floating. As weight increases, a rigid solid sits closer to the hot surface. By contrast, we discover an elasticity-dominated regime where the heavier the solid, the higher it floats. This geometry-governed behavior is reminiscent of the dynamics of large liquid Leidenfrost drops. We show that this elastic regime is characterized by Hertzian behavior of the solid’s underbelly and derive how the float height scales with materials parameters. Introducing a dimensionless elastic Leidenfrost number, we capture the crossover between rigid and Hertzian behavior. Our results provide theoretical underpinning for recent experiments, and point to the design of novel soft machines.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"apa":"Binysh, J., Chakraborty, I., Chubynsky, M. V., Diaz Melian, V. L., Waitukaitis, S. R., Sprittles, J. E., & Souslov, A. (2023). Modeling Leidenfrost levitation of soft elastic solids. Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.168201","short":"J. Binysh, I. Chakraborty, M.V. Chubynsky, V.L. Diaz Melian, S.R. Waitukaitis, J.E. Sprittles, A. Souslov, Physical Review Letters 131 (2023).","ieee":"J. Binysh et al., “Modeling Leidenfrost levitation of soft elastic solids,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 131, no. 16. American Physical Society, 2023.","mla":"Binysh, Jack, et al. “Modeling Leidenfrost Levitation of Soft Elastic Solids.” Physical Review Letters, vol. 131, no. 16, 168201, American Physical Society, 2023, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.168201.","chicago":"Binysh, Jack, Indrajit Chakraborty, Mykyta V. Chubynsky, Vicente L Diaz Melian, Scott R Waitukaitis, James E. Sprittles, and Anton Souslov. “Modeling Leidenfrost Levitation of Soft Elastic Solids.” Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.168201.","ama":"Binysh J, Chakraborty I, Chubynsky MV, et al. Modeling Leidenfrost levitation of soft elastic solids. Physical Review Letters. 2023;131(16). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.168201","ista":"Binysh J, Chakraborty I, Chubynsky MV, Diaz Melian VL, Waitukaitis SR, Sprittles JE, Souslov A. 2023. Modeling Leidenfrost levitation of soft elastic solids. Physical Review Letters. 131(16), 168201."},"has_accepted_license":"1","month":"10","ddc":["530"],"article_number":"168201","volume":131,"acknowledgement":"We are grateful to Dominic Vella, Jens Eggers, John Kolinski, Joshua Dijksman, and Daniel Bonn for insightful discussions. J. B. and A. S. acknowledge the support of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through New Investigator Award No. EP/\r\nT000961/1. A. S. acknowledges the support of Royal Society under Grant No. RGS/R2/202135. J. E. S. acknowledges EPSRC Grants No. EP/N016602/1, EP/S022848/1, EP/S029966/1, and EP/P031684/1.","file":[{"relation":"main_file","checksum":"1a419e25b762aadffbcc8eb2e609bd97","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2023-11-13T09:12:58Z","date_created":"2023-11-13T09:12:58Z","access_level":"open_access","file_size":724098,"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_name":"2023_PhysRevLetters_Binysh.pdf","file_id":"14524"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Jack","last_name":"Binysh","full_name":"Binysh, Jack"},{"full_name":"Chakraborty, Indrajit","last_name":"Chakraborty","first_name":"Indrajit"},{"last_name":"Chubynsky","first_name":"Mykyta V.","full_name":"Chubynsky, Mykyta V."},{"id":"b6798902-eea0-11ea-9cbc-a8e14286c631","full_name":"Diaz Melian, Vicente L","first_name":"Vicente L","last_name":"Diaz Melian"},{"id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","first_name":"Scott R"},{"first_name":"James E.","last_name":"Sprittles","full_name":"Sprittles, James E."},{"full_name":"Souslov, Anton","first_name":"Anton","last_name":"Souslov"}],"status":"public","publication":"Physical Review Letters","issue":"16"},{"date_updated":"2025-09-09T13:19:07Z","date_created":"2023-11-13T09:12:11Z","_id":"14523","abstract":[{"text":"see Readme file","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"ama":"Binysh J, Chakraborty I, Chubynsky M, et al. SouslovLab/PRL2023-ModellingLeidenfrostLevitationofSoftElasticSolids: v1.0.1. 2023. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.8329143","chicago":"Binysh, Jack, Indrajit Chakraborty, Mykyta Chubynsky, Vicente L Diaz Melian, Scott R Waitukaitis, James Sprittles, and Anton Souslov. “SouslovLab/PRL2023-ModellingLeidenfrostLevitationofSoftElasticSolids: V1.0.1.” Zenodo, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8329143.","ieee":"J. Binysh et al., “SouslovLab/PRL2023-ModellingLeidenfrostLevitationofSoftElasticSolids: v1.0.1.” Zenodo, 2023.","short":"J. Binysh, I. Chakraborty, M. Chubynsky, V.L. Diaz Melian, S.R. Waitukaitis, J. Sprittles, A. Souslov, (2023).","mla":"Binysh, Jack, et al. SouslovLab/PRL2023-ModellingLeidenfrostLevitationofSoftElasticSolids: V1.0.1. Zenodo, 2023, doi:10.5281/ZENODO.8329143.","apa":"Binysh, J., Chakraborty, I., Chubynsky, M., Diaz Melian, V. L., Waitukaitis, S. R., Sprittles, J., & Souslov, A. (2023). SouslovLab/PRL2023-ModellingLeidenfrostLevitationofSoftElasticSolids: v1.0.1. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8329143","ista":"Binysh J, Chakraborty I, Chubynsky M, Diaz Melian VL, Waitukaitis SR, Sprittles J, Souslov A. 2023. SouslovLab/PRL2023-ModellingLeidenfrostLevitationofSoftElasticSolids: v1.0.1, Zenodo, 10.5281/ZENODO.8329143."},"oa_version":"Published Version","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.8329143","date_published":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"used_in_publication","id":"14514"}]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"09","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"SouslovLab/PRL2023-ModellingLeidenfrostLevitationofSoftElasticSolids: v1.0.1","ddc":["530"],"day":"08","oa":1,"type":"research_data_reference","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8329143"}],"status":"public","author":[{"last_name":"Binysh","first_name":"Jack","full_name":"Binysh, Jack"},{"full_name":"Chakraborty, Indrajit","last_name":"Chakraborty","first_name":"Indrajit"},{"last_name":"Chubynsky","first_name":"Mykyta","full_name":"Chubynsky, Mykyta"},{"id":"b6798902-eea0-11ea-9cbc-a8e14286c631","full_name":"Diaz Melian, Vicente L","first_name":"Vicente L","last_name":"Diaz Melian"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","first_name":"Scott R","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"James","last_name":"Sprittles","full_name":"Sprittles, James"},{"first_name":"Anton","last_name":"Souslov","full_name":"Souslov, Anton"}],"year":"2023","publisher":"Zenodo"},{"issue":"9","publication":"Physical Review Letters","status":"public","author":[{"id":"0C5FDA4A-9CF6-11E9-8939-FF05E6697425","full_name":"Grosjean, Galien M","first_name":"Galien M","orcid":"0000-0001-5154-417X","last_name":"Grosjean"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","first_name":"Scott R","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":2301864,"file_id":"12698","success":1,"file_name":"Main_Preprint.pdf","checksum":"c4f2f6eea0408811f8f4898e15890355","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2023-02-28T12:20:27Z","access_level":"open_access","creator":"ggrosjea","date_updated":"2023-02-28T12:20:27Z"},{"date_updated":"2023-02-28T12:20:55Z","creator":"ggrosjea","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2023-02-28T12:20:55Z","relation":"main_file","checksum":"6af6ed6c97a977f923de4162294b43c4","file_name":"Suppl_info.pdf","success":1,"file_id":"12699","file_size":1138625,"content_type":"application/pdf"},{"file_id":"12700","success":1,"file_name":"Suppl_vid1.mp4","content_type":"video/mp4","file_size":793449,"access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2023-02-28T12:37:54Z","creator":"ggrosjea","date_updated":"2023-02-28T12:37:54Z","checksum":"3f20365fb9515bdba3a111d912c8d8b4","relation":"main_file"},{"creator":"ggrosjea","date_updated":"2023-02-28T12:37:54Z","date_created":"2023-02-28T12:37:54Z","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","checksum":"90cecacbe0e2f9dea11f91a4ba20c32e","success":1,"file_name":"Suppl_vid2.mp4","file_id":"12701","file_size":455925,"content_type":"video/mp4"}],"volume":130,"ec_funded":1,"acknowledgement":"We would like to thank Troy Shinbrot, Victor Lee and Daniele Foresti for helpful discussions. This project has received funding from the European Research Council Grant Agreement No. 949120 and from the the Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 754411 under\r\nthe European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.","ddc":["530","537"],"article_number":"098202","month":"03","corr_author":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"ama":"Grosjean GM, Waitukaitis SR. Single-collision statistics reveal a global mechanism driven by sample history for contact electrification in granular media. Physical Review Letters. 2023;130(9). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.098202","chicago":"Grosjean, Galien M, and Scott R Waitukaitis. “Single-Collision Statistics Reveal a Global Mechanism Driven by Sample History for Contact Electrification in Granular Media.” Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.130.098202.","short":"G.M. Grosjean, S.R. Waitukaitis, Physical Review Letters 130 (2023).","mla":"Grosjean, Galien M., and Scott R. Waitukaitis. “Single-Collision Statistics Reveal a Global Mechanism Driven by Sample History for Contact Electrification in Granular Media.” Physical Review Letters, vol. 130, no. 9, 098202, American Physical Society, 2023, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.098202.","ieee":"G. M. Grosjean and S. R. Waitukaitis, “Single-collision statistics reveal a global mechanism driven by sample history for contact electrification in granular media,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 130, no. 9. American Physical Society, 2023.","apa":"Grosjean, G. M., & Waitukaitis, S. R. (2023). Single-collision statistics reveal a global mechanism driven by sample history for contact electrification in granular media. Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.130.098202","ista":"Grosjean GM, Waitukaitis SR. 2023. Single-collision statistics reveal a global mechanism driven by sample history for contact electrification in granular media. Physical Review Letters. 130(9), 098202."},"abstract":[{"text":"Models for same-material contact electrification in granular media often rely on a local charge-driving parameter whose spatial variations lead to a stochastic origin for charge exchange. Measuring the charge transfer from individual granular spheres after contacts with substrates of the same material, we find instead a “global” charging behavior, coherent over the sample’s whole surface. Cleaning and baking samples fully resets charging magnitude and direction, which indicates the underlying global parameter is not intrinsic to the material, but acquired from its history. Charging behavior is randomly and irreversibly affected by changes in relative humidity, hinting at a mechanism where adsorbates, in particular, water, are fundamental to the charge-transfer process.","lang":"eng"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_paper","status":"public","id":"8101"}]},"tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"date_published":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","date_updated":"2025-04-23T08:51:13Z","keyword":["General Physics","Electrostatics","Triboelectricity","Soft Matter","Acoustic Levitation","Granular Materials"],"intvolume":" 130","type":"journal_article","external_id":{"pmid":["36930925"],"arxiv":["2211.02488"],"isi":["000946178200008"]},"day":"03","pmid":1,"oa":1,"year":"2023","publication_status":"published","publisher":"American Physical Society","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.02488"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0031-9007"],"eissn":["1079-7114"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","arxiv":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Single-collision statistics reveal a global mechanism driven by sample history for contact electrification in granular media","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.130.098202","_id":"12697","oa_version":"Preprint","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2023-02-28T12:37:54Z","date_created":"2023-02-28T12:14:46Z","isi":1,"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","grant_number":"949120"},{"grant_number":"754411","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"}],"quality_controlled":"1"},{"external_id":{"isi":["000992142700001"],"pmid":["37072968"]},"day":"01","pmid":1,"oa":1,"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"publication_status":"published","year":"2023","publisher":"American Physical Society","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2470-0053"],"issn":["2470-0045"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Accurate determination of the shapes of granular charge distributions","_id":"12789","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"doi":"10.1103/PhysRevE.107.034901","file_date_updated":"2023-11-27T09:51:48Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"original","isi":1,"date_created":"2023-04-02T22:01:10Z","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"949120"}],"issue":"3","publication":"Physical Review E","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Nicolás","last_name":"Mujica","full_name":"Mujica, Nicolás"},{"id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","first_name":"Scott R","last_name":"Waitukaitis","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176"}],"file":[{"file_size":1428631,"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_name":"PhysRevE.107.034901 (1).pdf","file_id":"14612","relation":"main_file","checksum":"48f5dfe4e5f1c46c3c86805cd8f84bea","creator":"swaituka","date_updated":"2023-11-27T09:51:48Z","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2023-11-27T09:51:48Z"}],"month":"03","acknowledgement":"This research was supported by Grants QUIMAL 160001 and Fondecyt 1221597. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 949120). This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of The Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA) through resources provided by the Miba Machine Shop. We thank the machine shop technical assistance of Ricardo Silva and Andrés Espinosa at Departamento de Física, Universidad de Chile.","ec_funded":1,"volume":107,"ddc":["530"],"article_number":"034901","abstract":[{"text":"Experiments have shown that charge distributions of granular materials are non-Gaussian, with broad tails that indicate many particles with high charge. This observation has consequences for the behavior of granular materials in many settings, and may bear relevance to the underlying charge transfer mechanism. However, there is the unaddressed possibility that broad tails arise due to experimental uncertainties, as determining the shapes of tails is nontrivial. Here we show that measurement uncertainties can indeed account for most of the tail broadening previously observed. The clue that reveals this is that distributions are sensitive to the electric field at which they are measured; ones measured at low (high) fields have larger (smaller) tails. Accounting for sources of uncertainty, we reproduce this broadening in silico. Finally, we use our results to back out the true charge distribution without broadening, which we find is still non-Guassian, though with substantially different behavior at the tails and indicating significantly fewer highly charged particles. These results have implications in many natural settings where electrostatic interactions, especially among highly charged particles, strongly affect granular behavior.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"apa":"Mujica, N., & Waitukaitis, S. R. (2023). Accurate determination of the shapes of granular charge distributions. Physical Review E. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.107.034901","ieee":"N. Mujica and S. R. Waitukaitis, “Accurate determination of the shapes of granular charge distributions,” Physical Review E, vol. 107, no. 3. American Physical Society, 2023.","short":"N. Mujica, S.R. Waitukaitis, Physical Review E 107 (2023).","mla":"Mujica, Nicolás, and Scott R. Waitukaitis. “Accurate Determination of the Shapes of Granular Charge Distributions.” Physical Review E, vol. 107, no. 3, 034901, American Physical Society, 2023, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.107.034901.","chicago":"Mujica, Nicolás, and Scott R Waitukaitis. “Accurate Determination of the Shapes of Granular Charge Distributions.” Physical Review E. American Physical Society, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.107.034901.","ama":"Mujica N, Waitukaitis SR. Accurate determination of the shapes of granular charge distributions. Physical Review E. 2023;107(3). doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.107.034901","ista":"Mujica N, Waitukaitis SR. 2023. Accurate determination of the shapes of granular charge distributions. Physical Review E. 107(3), 034901."},"corr_author":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","date_published":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","date_updated":"2025-04-14T07:54:10Z","intvolume":" 107"},{"author":[{"id":"0C5FDA4A-9CF6-11E9-8939-FF05E6697425","full_name":"Grosjean, Galien M","last_name":"Grosjean","orcid":"0000-0001-5154-417X","first_name":"Galien M"},{"full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","last_name":"Waitukaitis","first_name":"Scott R"}],"status":"public","issue":"6","publication":"Physical Review Materials","month":"06","ddc":["537"],"article_number":"065601","ec_funded":1,"volume":7,"acknowledgement":"This project has received funding from the European Research Council Grant Agreement No. 949120 and from\r\nthe European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant\r\nAgreement No. 754411. ","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":1127040,"file_id":"13198","success":1,"file_name":"Mosaic_asymmetries.pdf","checksum":"75584730d9cdd50eeccb4c52c509776d","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2023-07-07T12:49:51Z","creator":"ggrosjea","date_updated":"2023-07-07T12:49:51Z"}],"date_published":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","abstract":[{"text":"Nominally identical materials exchange net electric charge during contact through a mechanism that is still debated. ‘Mosaic models’, in which surfaces are presumed to consist of a random patchwork of microscopic donor/acceptor sites, offer an appealing explanation for this phenomenon. However, recent experiments have shown that global differences persist even between same-material samples, which the standard mosaic framework does not account for. Here, we expand the mosaic framework by incorporating global differences in the densities of donor/acceptor sites. We develop\r\nan analytical model, backed by numerical simulations, that smoothly connects the global and deterministic charge transfer of different materials to the local and stochastic mosaic picture normally associated with identical materials. Going further, we extend our model to explain the effect of contact asymmetries during sliding, providing a plausible explanation for reversal of charging sign that has been observed experimentally.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"ista":"Grosjean GM, Waitukaitis SR. 2023. Asymmetries in triboelectric charging: Generalizing mosaic models to different-material samples and sliding contacts. Physical Review Materials. 7(6), 065601.","apa":"Grosjean, G. M., & Waitukaitis, S. R. (2023). Asymmetries in triboelectric charging: Generalizing mosaic models to different-material samples and sliding contacts. Physical Review Materials. American Physical Society. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.7.065601","ieee":"G. M. Grosjean and S. R. Waitukaitis, “Asymmetries in triboelectric charging: Generalizing mosaic models to different-material samples and sliding contacts,” Physical Review Materials, vol. 7, no. 6. American Physical Society, 2023.","mla":"Grosjean, Galien M., and Scott R. Waitukaitis. “Asymmetries in Triboelectric Charging: Generalizing Mosaic Models to Different-Material Samples and Sliding Contacts.” Physical Review Materials, vol. 7, no. 6, 065601, American Physical Society, 2023, doi:10.1103/physrevmaterials.7.065601.","short":"G.M. Grosjean, S.R. Waitukaitis, Physical Review Materials 7 (2023).","chicago":"Grosjean, Galien M, and Scott R Waitukaitis. “Asymmetries in Triboelectric Charging: Generalizing Mosaic Models to Different-Material Samples and Sliding Contacts.” Physical Review Materials. American Physical Society, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.7.065601.","ama":"Grosjean GM, Waitukaitis SR. Asymmetries in triboelectric charging: Generalizing mosaic models to different-material samples and sliding contacts. Physical Review Materials. 2023;7(6). doi:10.1103/physrevmaterials.7.065601"},"corr_author":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","intvolume":" 7","keyword":["Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)","General Materials Science"],"date_updated":"2025-04-14T07:43:55Z","department":[{"_id":"ScWa"}],"publisher":"American Physical Society","publication_status":"published","year":"2023","oa":1,"day":"13","external_id":{"arxiv":["2304.12861"],"isi":["001019565900002"]},"type":"journal_article","title":"Asymmetries in triboelectric charging: Generalizing mosaic models to different-material samples and sliding contacts","article_processing_charge":"No","arxiv":1,"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2475-9953"]},"file_date_updated":"2023-07-07T12:49:51Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"original","scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"Submitted Version","_id":"13197","doi":"10.1103/physrevmaterials.7.065601","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"grant_number":"949120","name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"754411"}],"isi":1,"date_created":"2023-07-07T12:48:01Z"},{"date_updated":"2025-04-14T07:54:10Z","has_accepted_license":"1","corr_author":"1","citation":{"ama":"Stöllner A, Lenton IC, Muller CJ, Waitukaitis SR. Measuring spontaneous charging of single aerosol particles. In: EGU General Assembly 2023. European Geosciences Union; 2023. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6166","chicago":"Stöllner, Andrea, Isaac C Lenton, Caroline J Muller, and Scott R Waitukaitis. “Measuring Spontaneous Charging of Single Aerosol Particles.” In EGU General Assembly 2023. European Geosciences Union, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6166.","ieee":"A. Stöllner, I. C. Lenton, C. J. Muller, and S. R. Waitukaitis, “Measuring spontaneous charging of single aerosol particles,” in EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria & Virtual, 2023.","mla":"Stöllner, Andrea, et al. “Measuring Spontaneous Charging of Single Aerosol Particles.” EGU General Assembly 2023, 6166, European Geosciences Union, 2023, doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6166.","short":"A. Stöllner, I.C. Lenton, C.J. Muller, S.R. Waitukaitis, in:, EGU General Assembly 2023, European Geosciences Union, 2023.","apa":"Stöllner, A., Lenton, I. C., Muller, C. J., & Waitukaitis, S. R. (2023). Measuring spontaneous charging of single aerosol particles. In EGU General Assembly 2023. Vienna, Austria & Virtual: European Geosciences Union. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6166","ista":"Stöllner A, Lenton IC, Muller CJ, Waitukaitis SR. 2023. Measuring spontaneous charging of single aerosol particles. EGU General Assembly 2023. EGU General Assembly, 6166."},"conference":{"end_date":"2023-04-28","start_date":"2023-04-23","name":"EGU General Assembly","location":"Vienna, Austria & Virtual"},"tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"},"date_published":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","file":[{"relation":"main_file","checksum":"8d6ddbb359e584b156f991f00196d86b","date_updated":"2024-01-23T13:00:26Z","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2024-01-23T13:00:26Z","access_level":"open_access","file_size":419736,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2023_EGU_Stoellner.pdf","success":1,"file_id":"14880"}],"ec_funded":1,"acknowledgement":"This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Starting Grant (No. 949120).","ddc":["530"],"article_number":"6166","month":"04","publication":"EGU General Assembly 2023","status":"public","author":[{"id":"4bdcf7f6-eb97-11eb-a6c2-9981bbdc3bed","full_name":"Stöllner, Andrea","orcid":"0000-0002-0464-8440","last_name":"Stöllner","first_name":"Andrea"},{"full_name":"Lenton, Isaac C","id":"a550210f-223c-11ec-8182-e2d45e817efb","orcid":"0000-0002-5010-6984","last_name":"Lenton","first_name":"Isaac C"},{"full_name":"Muller, Caroline J","id":"f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b","first_name":"Caroline J","last_name":"Muller","orcid":"0000-0001-5836-5350"},{"first_name":"Scott R","last_name":"Waitukaitis","orcid":"0000-0002-2299-3176","full_name":"Waitukaitis, Scott R","id":"3A1FFC16-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"date_created":"2024-01-22T12:09:07Z","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"0aa60e99-070f-11eb-9043-a6de6bdc3afa","name":"Tribocharge: a multi-scale approach to an enduring problem in physics","grant_number":"949120"}],"doi":"10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6166","_id":"14864","oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2024-01-23T13:00:26Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Measuring spontaneous charging of single aerosol particles","type":"conference_abstract","day":"23","oa":1,"year":"2023","publication_status":"published","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","department":[{"_id":"CaMu"},{"_id":"ScWa"}]}]