@article{19076, abstract = {For accurate perception and motor control, an animal must distinguish between sensory experiences elicited by external stimuli and those elicited by its own actions. The diversity of behaviors and their complex influences on the senses make this distinction challenging. Here, we uncover an action–cue hub that coordinates motor commands with visual processing in the brain’s first visual relay. We show that the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) acts as a corollary discharge center, integrating visual translational optic flow signals with motor copies from saccades, locomotion and pupil dynamics. The vLGN relays these signals to correct action-specific visual distortions and to refine perception, as shown for the superior colliculus and in a depth-estimation task. Simultaneously, brain-wide vLGN projections drive corrective actions necessary for accurate visuomotor control. Our results reveal an extended corollary discharge architecture that refines early visual transformations and coordinates actions via a distributed hub-and-spoke network to enable visual perception during action.}, author = {Vega Zuniga, Tomas A and Sumser, Anton L and Symonova, Olga and Koppensteiner, Peter and Schmidt, Florian and Jösch, Maximilian A}, issn = {1546-1726}, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{A thalamic hub-and-spoke network enables visual perception during action by coordinating visuomotor dynamics}}, doi = {10.1038/s41593-025-01874-w}, volume = {28}, year = {2025}, } @article{19404, abstract = {Cell migration is a fundamental process during embryonic development. Most studies in vivo have focused on the migration of cells using the extracellular matrix (ECM) as their substrate for migration. In contrast, much less is known about how cells migrate on other cells, as found in early embryos when the ECM has not yet formed. Here, we show that lateral mesendoderm (LME) cells in the early zebrafish gastrula use the ectoderm as their substrate for migration. We show that the lateral ectoderm is permissive for the animal-pole-directed migration of LME cells, while the ectoderm at the animal pole halts it. These differences in permissiveness depend on the lateral ectoderm being more cohesive than the animal ectoderm, a property controlled by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling within the ectoderm. Collectively, these findings identify ectoderm tissue cohesion as one critical factor in regulating LME migration during zebrafish gastrulation.}, author = {Tavano, Ste and Brückner, David and Tasciyan, Saren and Tong, Xin and Kardos, Roland and Schauer, Alexandra and Hauschild, Robert and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J}, issn = {2211-1247}, journal = {Cell Reports}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{BMP-dependent patterning of ectoderm tissue material properties modulates lateral mesendoderm cell migration during early zebrafish gastrulation}}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115387}, volume = {44}, year = {2025}, } @article{19602, abstract = {N4-methylcytosine (4mC) is an important DNA modification in prokaryotes, but its relevance and even its presence in eukaryotes have been mysterious. Here we show that spermatogenesis in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha involves two waves of extensive DNA methylation reprogramming. First, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) expands from transposons to the entire genome. Notably, the second wave installs 4mC throughout genic regions, covering over 50% of CG sites in sperm. 4mC requires a methyltransferase (MpDN4MT1a) that is specifically expressed during late spermiogenesis. Deletion of MpDN4MT1a alters the sperm transcriptome, causes sperm swimming and fertility defects, and impairs post-fertilization development. Our results reveal extensive 4mC in a eukaryote, identify a family of eukaryotic methyltransferases, and elucidate the biological functions of 4mC in reproductive development, thereby expanding the repertoire of functional eukaryotic DNA modifications.}, author = {Walker, James and Zhang, Jingyi and Liu, Yalin and Xu, Shujuan and Yu, Yiming and Vickers, Martin and Ouyang, Weizhi and Tálas, Judit and Dolan, Liam and Nakajima, Keiji and Feng, Xiaoqi}, issn = {1097-4172}, journal = {Cell}, number = {11}, pages = {2890--2906.e14}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Extensive N4 cytosine methylation is essential for Marchantia sperm function}}, doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.014}, volume = {188}, year = {2025}, } @misc{19623, abstract = {Persistent revivals recently observed in Rydberg atom simulators have challenged our understanding of thermalization and attracted much interest to the concept of quantum many-body scars (QMBSs). QMBSs are non-thermal highly excited eigenstates that coexist with typical eigenstates in the spectrum of many-body Hamiltonians, and have since been reported in multiple theoretical models, including the so-called PXP model, approximately realized by Rydberg simulators. At the same time, questions of how common QMBSs are and in what models they are physically realized remain open. In this Letter, we demonstrate that QMBSs exist in a broader family of models that includes and generalizes PXP to longer-range constraints and states with different periodicity. We show that in each model, multiple QMBS families can be found. Each of them relies on a different approximate 𝔰𝔲⁡(2) algebra, leading to oscillatory dynamics in all cases. However, in contrast to the PXP model, their observation requires launching dynamics from weakly entangled initial states rather than from a product state. QMBSs reported here may be experimentally probed using Rydberg atom simulator in the regime of longer-range Rydberg blockades.}, author = {Desaules, Jean-Yves Marc}, keywords = {quantum many-body scars, non-equilibrium physics, Rydberg atoms}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Research Data for "Quantum Many-Body Scars beyond the PXP Model in Rydberg Simulators"}}, doi = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:19623}, year = {2025}, } @article{19876, abstract = {Assortative mating and sexual selection are widespread in nature and can play an important role in speciation by facilitating the buildup and maintenance of reproductive isolation (RI). However, their contribution to genome-wide suppression of gene flow during RI is rarely quantified. Here, we consider a polygenic “magic” trait that is divergently selected across two populations connected by migration, while also serving as the basis of assortative mating, thus generating sexual selection on one or both sexes. We obtain theoretical predictions for divergence at individual trait loci by assuming that the effect of all other loci on any locus can be encapsulated via an effective migration rate, which bears a simple relationship to measurable fitness components of migrants and various early-generation hybrids. Our analysis clarifies how “tipping points” (characterized by an abrupt collapse of adaptive divergence) arise, and when assortative mating can shift the critical level of migration beyond which divergence collapses. We quantify the relative contributions of viability and sexual selection to genome-wide barriers to gene flow and discuss how these depend on existing divergence levels. Our results suggest that effective migration rates provide a useful way of understanding genomic divergence, even in scenarios involving multiple, interacting mechanisms of RI. }, author = {Surendranadh, Parvathy and Sachdeva, Himani}, issn = {1558-5646}, journal = {Evolution}, number = {7}, pages = {1185--1198}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{Effect of assortative mating and sexual selection on polygenic barriers to gene flow}}, doi = {10.1093/evolut/qpaf047}, volume = {79}, year = {2025}, } @article{20223, abstract = {The first influential hypothesis for sex chromosome evolution was proposed in 1914 by H. J. Muller, who argued that once recombination was suppressed between the X and Y chromosomes, Y-linked genes become “sheltered” from selection, leading to accumulation of recessive loss-of-function (LOF) mutations and decay of Y-linked genes. The hypothesis fell out of favor in the 1970s because early mathematical models failed to support it and data on the dominance of lethal mutations were viewed as incompatible with the hypothesis. We reevaluate the main arguments against Muller's hypothesis and find that they do not conclusively exclude a role for sheltering in sex chromosome evolution. By relaxing restrictive assumptions of earlier models, we show that sheltering promotes fixation of LOF mutations with sexually dimorphic fitness effects, resulting in decay of X-linked genes that are exclusively expressed by males and Y-linked genes that are primarily, though not necessarily exclusively, expressed by females. We further show that drift and other processes contributing to Y degeneration (i.e. selective interference and regulatory evolution) expand conditions of Y-linked gene loss by sheltering. The actual contribution of sheltering to sex chromosome evolution hinges upon the distribution of dominance and sex-specific fitness effects of LOF mutations, which we discuss.}, author = {Mrnjavac, Andrea and Vicoso, Beatriz and Connallon, Tim}, issn = {1537-1719}, journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution}, number = {8}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{An extension of Muller's sheltering hypothesis for the evolution of sex chromosome gene content}}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msaf177}, volume = {42}, year = {2025}, } @article{20295, abstract = {Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) is a powerful technique for macroscopic imaging of the electrostatic potential above a surface. Though most often used to image work-function variations of conductive surfaces, it can also be used to probe the surface charge on insulating surfaces. In both cases, relating the measured potential to the underlying signal is non-trivial. Here, general relationships are derived between the measured SKPM voltage and the underlying source, revealing either can be cast as a convolution with an appropriately scaled point spread function (PSF). For charge that exists on a thin insulating layer above a conductor, the PSF has the same shape as what would occur from a work-function variation alone, differing by a simple scaling factor. This relationship is confirmed by: (1) backing it out from finite-element simulations of work-function and charge signals, and (2) experimentally comparing the measured PSF from a small work-function target to that from a small charge spot. This scaling factor is further validated by comparing SKPM charge measurements with Faraday cup measurements for highly charged samples from contact-charging experiments. These results highlight a heretofore unappreciated connection between SKPM voltage and charge signals, offering a rigorous recipe to extract either from experimental data.}, author = {Lenton, Isaac C and Pertl, Felix and Shafeek, Lubuna B and Waitukaitis, Scott R}, issn = {2196-7350}, journal = {Advanced Materials Interfaces}, number = {19}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{A duality between surface charge and work function in scanning Kelvin probe microscopy}}, doi = {10.1002/admi.202500521}, volume = {12}, year = {2025}, } @article{20319, abstract = {The time needed by deep convection to bring the atmosphere back to equilibrium is called convective adjustment timescale or simply adjustment timescale, typically denoted by . In the Community Atmospheric Model|Community Atmosphere Model (CAM), is the convective available potential energy (CAPE) relaxation timescale and is 1 hr, worldwide. Observational evidence suggests that is generally longer than 1 hr. Further, continental and oceanic convection are different in terms of the vigor of updrafts and can have different longevities. So using hour worldwide in CAM has two potential caveats. A longer improves the simulation of the mean climate. However, it does not address the land‐ocean heterogeneity of atmospheric deep convection. We investigate the prescription of two different CAPE relaxation timescales for land ( hr) and ocean ( to 4 hr). It is arguably an extremely crude parameterization of boundary layer control on atmospheric convection. We contrast a suite of 5‐year‐long simulations with two different for land and ocean to having one globally. The choice of longer over ocean is guided by previous studies and inspired by observational pieces of evidence. Nonetheless, to complement our variable experiments, we perform a simulation with  hr and  hrs. Most importantly, our key findings are immune to the exact values of prescribed and . The CAM model, with two values , improves convective‐stratiform rainfall partitioning and the Madden–Julian oscillation propagation characteristics.}, author = {GOSWAMI, BIDYUT B and Polesello, Andrea and Muller, Caroline J}, issn = {1942-2466}, journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems}, number = {9}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{An assessment of representing land‐ocean heterogeneity via CAPE relaxation timescale in the Community Atmospheric Model 6 (CAM6)}}, doi = {10.1029/2025ms005035}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, } @misc{20780, abstract = {Sex-chromosome systems are highly variable across animals, but how they transition from one to another is not well understood. Diptera have undergone multiple sex-chromosome turnovers and expansions while maintaining their general chromosomal content, which makes them an ideal clade to study such transitions. We analysed more than 100 dipteran whole-genome assemblies and identified 4 new lineages that underwent sex-chromosome turnover (in addition to the 5 previously reported). We find the majority of turnovers happened in the group Schizophora, which tend to have fewer genes on the F element (the chromosome homologous to the ancestral insect X chromosome) than lower dipterans, a factor previously hypothesized to facilitate turnover. Most derived X chromosomes have higher GC content than autosomes, consistent with a high prevalence of male-achiasmy in Diptera. In addition, an excess of gene movement out of the X is detected for most of these new X chromosomes, and many of these moved genes have high testis expression in Drosophila, suggesting that out-of-X gene movement contributes to the long-term demasculinization of X chromosomes.}, author = {Layana Franco, Lorena Alexandra and Toups, Melissa A and Vicoso, Beatriz}, keywords = {Schizophora, sex chromosomes, sex-chromosome turnover, Diptera, genomic features, out-of-X movement.}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-20780}, year = {2025}, } @phdthesis{20203, abstract = {Tribocharging, or contact electrification, is the phenomenon in which two initially neutral materials exchange electric charge through contact and subsequent separation. While it is widely observed in everyday life and crucial to numerous natural processes, even the most basic aspects of tribocharging are still a mystery—what are the charge carriers involved and what drives their exchange? This work spans three separate projects that address different aspects of tribocharging. First, we introduce a novel strategy combining Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations with Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) to quantitatively extract surface charge density from surface voltage maps. Second, we present a simple theoretical model that allows for the existence of triboelectric cycles, under the assumption that multiple charge carrying species are involved. Third, we present experimental evidence that identical materials can spontaneously evolve into a triboelectric series, driven by contact history. Modeling this behavior enables the replication of experimental results with simulations, and even experimentally forcing the appearance of a pre-designed series by manipulating contact history. Together, the findings from these projects challenge traditional views on tribocharging, provide new tools for probing it, and open up new avenues of research—all with the hopes of bringing us closer to understanding this puzzling phenomenon.}, author = {Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A}, isbn = {978-3-99078-062-6}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {96}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Tribocharging of identical insulators: Triboelectric series, triboelectric cycles and surface charges}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-20203}, year = {2025}, } @article{20492, abstract = {The glassy thermal conductivities observed in crystalline inorganic perovskites such as Cs3Bi2I6Cl3 are perplexing and lacking theoretical explanations. Here, we first experimentally measure its thermal transport behavior from 20 to 300 K, after synthesizing Cs3Bi2I6Cl3 single crystals. Using path-integral molecular dynamics simulations driven by machine learning potentials, we reveal that Cs3Bi2I6Cl3 has large lattice distortions at low temperatures, which may be related to the large atomic size mismatch. Employing the Wigner formulation of thermal transport, we reproduce theexperimental thermal conductivities based on lattice-distorted structures. This studythus provides a framework for predicting and understanding glassy thermal transportin materials with strong lattice disorder.}, author = {Zeng, Zezhu and Fan, Zheyong and Simoncelli, Michele and Chen, Chen and Liang, Ting and Chen, Yue and Thornton, Geoff and Cheng, Bingqing}, issn = {1091-6490}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {41}, pages = {e2415664122}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{Lattice distortion leads to glassy thermal transport in crystalline Cs3Bi2I6Cl3}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2415664122}, volume = {122}, year = {2025}, } @article{20011, abstract = {Heat transport in glasses over a wide temperature range is critical for applications in gate dielectrics and thermal insulators but remains poorly understood due to the challenges in modeling vibrational anharmonicity and configurational dynamics across the glass transition. Recent predictions show an unusual decrease in thermal conductivity (κ) with temperature in amorphous hafnia (a-HfO2), contrasting with the typical trend in glasses. Using molecular dynamics with a machine-learning-based neuroevolution potential, we compute κ of a-HfO2 from 50 K to 2000 K. At low temperatures, the Wigner transport equation captures both anharmonicity and quantum statistics. Above 1200 K, atomic diffusion invalidates the quasiparticle picture, and we resort to the Green–Kubo method to capture convective transport. We further extend the Wigner transport equation to supercooled a-HfO2, revealing the crucial role of low-frequency modes in facilitating heat transport. The computed κ, based on both Green–Kubo and Wigner transport theories, increases continuously with temperature up to 2000 K.}, author = {Zeng, Zezhu and Liang, Xia and Fan, Zheyong and Chen, Yue and Simoncelli, Michele and Cheng, Bingqing}, issn = {2639-4979}, journal = {ACS Materials Letters}, pages = {2695--2701}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Thermal transport of amorphous hafnia across the glass transition}}, doi = {10.1021/acsmaterialslett.5c00263}, year = {2025}, } @article{20704, abstract = {Generative models have advanced significantly in sampling material systems with continuous variables, such as atomistic structures. However, their application to discrete variables, like atom types or spin states, remains underexplored. In this work, we introduce a discrete flow matching model, tailored for systems with discrete phase-space coordinates (e.g., the Ising model or a multicomponent system on a lattice). This approach enables a single model to sample free energy surfaces over a wide temperature range with minimal training overhead, and the model generation is scalable to larger lattice sizes than those in the training set. We demonstrate our approach on the 2D Ising model, showing efficient and reliable free energy sampling. These results highlight the potential of flow matching for low-cost, scalable free energy sampling in discrete systems and suggest promising extensions to alchemical degrees of freedom in crystalline materials. The codebase developed for this work is openly available at https://github.com/tuoping/alchemicalFES.}, author = {Tuo, Ping and Zeng, Zezhu and Chen, Jiale and Cheng, Bingqing}, issn = {1549-9626}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation}, number = {22}, pages = {11427--11435}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Scalable multitemperature free energy sampling of classical Ising spin states}}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jctc.5c01248}, volume = {21}, year = {2025}, } @article{19278, abstract = {When two insulating, neutral materials are contacted and separated, they exchange electrical charge1. Experiments have long suggested that this ‘contact electrification’ is transitive, with different materials ordering into ‘triboelectric series’ based on the sign of charge acquired2. At the same time, the effect is plagued by unpredictability, preventing consensus on the mechanism and casting doubt on the rhyme and reason that series imply3. Here we expose an unanticipated connection between the unpredictability and order in contact electrification: nominally identical materials initially exchange charge randomly and intransitively, but—over repeated experiments—order into triboelectric series. We find that this evolution is driven by the act of contact itself—samples with more contacts in their history charge negatively to ones with fewer contacts. Capturing this ‘contact bias’ in a minimal model, we recreate both the initial randomness and ultimate order in numerical simulations and use it experimentally to force the appearance of a triboelectric series of our choosing. With a set of surface-sensitive techniques to search for the underlying alterations contact creates, we only find evidence of nanoscale morphological changes, pointing to a mechanism strongly coupled with mechanics. Our results highlight the centrality of contact history in contact electrification and suggest that focusing on the unpredictability that has long plagued the effect may hold the key to understanding it.}, author = {Sobarzo Ponce, Juan Carlos A and Pertl, Felix and Balazs, Daniel and Costanzo, Tommaso and Sauer, Markus and Foelske, Annette and Ostermann, Markus and Pichler, Christian M. and Wang, Yongkang and Nagata, Yuki and Bonn, Mischa and Waitukaitis, Scott R}, issn = {1476-4687}, journal = {Nature}, number = {8051}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Spontaneous ordering of identical materials into a triboelectric series}}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-024-08530-6}, volume = {638}, year = {2025}, } @phdthesis{19684, abstract = {The overarching goal of this thesis is to break down the complexity of turbulent flows in terms of enumerable, coherent structures and patterns. In a five-paper series, we adopt a variety of perspectives and techniques to relate the properties of systems of increasing complexity to their underlying coherent structures. Initially, we take a dynamical systems point of view, seeing turbulent flow as a chaotic trajectory bouncing between exact unstable solutions of the underlying equations of motion. Using persistent homology, the main tool of topological data analysis capturing the persistence across scales of topological features in a point cloud, we introduce a method that quantifies visits of turbulent trajectories to unstable time-periodic solutions, also called periodic orbits. We demonstrate this method first in the Rössler and Kuramoto–Sivashinsky systems. Using this method in 3D Kolmogorov flow, we extract a Markov chain from turbulent data, where each node corresponds to the neighbourhood of a periodic orbit. The invariant distribution of this Markov chain reproduces expectation values on turbulent data when it is used to weight averages on the respective periodic orbits. In more realistic, wall-bounded settings, such as plane-Couette flow (pcf) driven by the relative motion of the walls, or plane-Poiseuille flow (ppf) driven by a pressure gradient, finding exact solutions is difficult. We use dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), a dimensionality reduction method for sequential data, to identify and approximate low-dimensional dynamics without knowing any exact solutions. Most spatially-extended systems are equivariant under translations, and in such cases spatial drifts dominate DMD, hindering its use in the search for and modelling of low-dimensional dynamics. We augment DMD with a symmetry reduction method trained on turbulent data to stop it from seeing translations as a feature, improving its ability to extract dynamical information in translation-equivariant systems. We find segments of turbulent trajectories that linearize well with their symmetry-reduced DMD spectra, akin to dynamics near exact solutions. Searching for harmonics in the spectra gives leads for periodic orbits with spatial drifts, one of which converges to a new solution. In larger domains, turbulence can localize and coexist with surrounding laminar flow. Our preceding approaches are global, taking all of a domain into account at once, and cannot readily treat each localized patch individually. Working first in a minimal oblique domain that can host a single 1D-localized turbulent patch, we find that turbulence in ppf is connected to a stable periodic orbit at a flow velocity much lower than when turbulence is first onset. We show that, well in advance of sustained turbulence, chaos sets in explosively, and for long time horizons, time series are consistent with that of a random process. Finally, in much larger domains, we study and compare 2D-localized turbulence that appears as large-scale inclined structures, called stripes, in ppf and pcf. While appearing similar, we find that stripes in these two settings differ significantly in terms of how they sustain themselves, and in higher velocities, how they proliferate.}, author = {Yalniz, Gökhan}, issn = {2663-337X}, pages = {155}, publisher = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria}, title = {{Transition to turbulence: Data-, solution-, and pattern-driven approaches}}, doi = {10.15479/AT-ISTA-19684}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{22825, abstract = {The empirical emergence of neural collapse—a surprising symmetry in the feature representations of the training data in the penultimate layer of deep neural networks—has spurred a line of theoretical research aimed at its understanding. However, existing work focuses on data-agnostic models or, when data structure is taken into account, it remains limited to multi-layer perceptrons. Our paper fills both these gaps by analyzing modern architectures in a data-aware regime: we prove that global optima of deep regularized transformers and residual networks (ResNets) with LayerNorm trained with cross entropy or mean squared error loss are approximately collapsed, and the approximation gets tighter as the depth grows. More generally, we formally reduce any end-to-end large-depth ResNet or transformer training into an equivalent unconstrained features model, thus justifying its wide use in the literature even beyond data-agnostic settings. Our theoretical results are supported by experiments on computer vision and language datasets showing that, as the depth grows, neural collapse indeed becomes more prominent.}, author = {Súkeník, Peter and Lampert, Christoph and Mondelli, Marco}, booktitle = {39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems}, isbn = {9798331338275}, issn = {1049-5258}, location = {San Diego, CA, United States}, pages = {48646--48677}, publisher = {Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation}, title = {{Neural collapse is globally optimal in deep regularized ResNets and transformers}}, doi = {10.52202/085713-1450}, volume = {38}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{22824, abstract = {We present new fast-rate PAC-Bayesian generalization bounds for multi-task and meta-learning in the unbalanced setting, i.e. when the tasks have training sets of different sizes, as is typically the case in real-world scenarios. Previously, only standard-rate bounds were known for this situation, while fast-rate bounds were limited to the setting where all training sets are of equal size. Our new bounds are numerically computable as well as interpretable, and we demonstrate their flexibility in handling a number of cases where they give stronger guarantees than previous bounds. Besides the bounds themselves, we also make conceptual contributions: we demonstrate that the unbalanced multi-task setting has different statistical properties than the balanced situation, specifically that proofs from the balanced situation do not carry over to the unbalanced setting. Additionally, we shed light on the fact that the unbalanced situation allows two meaningful definitions of multi-task risk, depending on whether all tasks should be considered equally important or if sample-rich tasks should receive more weight than samplepoor ones.}, author = {Zakerinia, Hossein and Lampert, Christoph}, booktitle = {39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems}, isbn = {9798331338275}, issn = {1049-5258}, location = {San Diego, CA, United States}, pages = {9062--9093}, publisher = {Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation}, title = {{Fast rate bounds for multi-task and meta-learning with different sample sizes}}, doi = {10.52202/085713-0278}, volume = {38}, year = {2025}, } @article{17468, abstract = {Oxygen redox chemistry is central to life1 and many human-made technologies, such as in energy storage2,3,4. The large energy gain from oxygen redox reactions is often connected with the occurrence of harmful reactive oxygen species3,5,6. Key species are superoxide and the highly reactive singlet oxygen3,4,5,6,7, which may evolve from superoxide. However, the factors determining the formation of singlet oxygen, rather than the relatively unreactive triplet oxygen, are unknown. Here we report that the release of triplet or singlet oxygen is governed by individual Marcus normal and inverted region behaviour. We found that as the driving force for the reaction increases, the initially dominant evolution of triplet oxygen slows down, and singlet oxygen evolution becomes predominant with higher maximum kinetics. This behaviour also applies to the widely observed superoxide disproportionation, in which one superoxide is oxidized by another, in both non-aqueous and aqueous systems, with Lewis and Brønsted acidity controlling the driving forces. Singlet oxygen yields governed by these conditions are relevant, for example, in batteries or cellular organelles in which superoxide forms. Our findings suggest ways to understand and control spin states and kinetics in oxygen redox chemistry, with implications for fields, including life sciences, pure chemistry and energy storage.}, author = {Mondal, Soumyadip and Nguyen, Huyen T.K. and Hauschild, Robert and Freunberger, Stefan Alexander}, issn = {1476-4687}, journal = {Nature}, number = {8085}, pages = {601–605}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Marcus kinetics control singlet and triplet oxygen evolving from superoxide}}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-09587-7}, volume = {646}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{20296, abstract = {Learning-based systems are increasingly deployed across various domains, yet the complexity of traditional neural networks poses significant challenges for formal verification. Unlike conventional neural networks, learned Logic Gate Networks (LGNs) replace multiplications with Boolean logic gates, yielding a sparse, netlist-like architecture that is inherently more amenable to symbolic verification, while still delivering promising performance. In this paper, we introduce a SAT encoding for verifying global robustness and fairness in LGNs. We evaluate our method on five benchmark datasets, including a newly constructed 5-class variant, and find that LGNs are both verification-friendly and maintain strong predictive performance.}, author = {Kresse, Fabian and Yu, Zhengqi and Lampert, Christoph and Henzinger, Thomas A}, booktitle = {2nd International Conferenceon Neuro-Symbolic Systems}, issn = {2640-3498}, location = {Philadephia, PA, United States}, publisher = {ML Research Press}, title = {{Logic gate neural networks are good for verification}}, volume = {288}, year = {2025}, } @inproceedings{20819, abstract = {Clustering is a cornerstone of data analysis that is particularly suited to identifying coherent subgroups or substructures in unlabeled data, as are generated continuously in large amounts these days. However, in many cases traditional clustering methods are not applicable, because data are increasingly being produced and stored in a distributed way, e.g. on edge devices, and privacy concerns prevent it from being transferred to a central server. To address this challenge, we present FedDP-KMeans, a new algorithm for -means clustering that is fully-federated as well as differentially private. Our approach leverages (potentially small and out-of-distribution) server-side data to overcome the primary challenge of differentially private clustering methods: the need for a good initialization. Combining our initialization with a simple federated DP-Lloyds algorithm we obtain an algorithm that achieves excellent results on synthetic and real-world benchmark tasks. We also provide a theoretical analysis of our method that provides bounds on the convergence speed and cluster identification success.}, author = {Scott, Jonathan A and Lampert, Christoph and Saulpic, David}, booktitle = {42nd International Conference on Machine Learning}, issn = {2640-3498}, location = {Vancouver, Canada}, pages = {53757--53790}, publisher = {ML Research Press}, title = {{Differentially private federated k-means clustering with server-side data}}, volume = {267}, year = {2025}, }