---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - Genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity facilitate the migration into new
    habitats and enable organisms to cope with a rapidly changing environment. In
    contrast to genetic adaptation that spans multiple generations as an evolutionary
    process, phenotypic plasticity allows acclimation within the life-time of an organism.
    Genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity are usually studied in isolation,
    however, only by including their interactive impact, we can understand acclimation
    and adaptation in nature. We aimed to explore the contribution of adaptation and
    plasticity in coping with an abiotic (salinity) and a biotic (Vibrio bacteria)
    stressor using six different populations of the broad-nosed pipefish Syngnathus
    typhle that originated from either high [14–17 Practical Salinity Unit (PSU)]
    or low (7–11 PSU) saline environments along the German coastline of the Baltic
    Sea. We exposed wild caught animals, to either high (15 PSU) or low (7 PSU) salinity,
    representing native and novel salinity conditions and allowed animals to mate.
    After male pregnancy, offspring was split and each half was exposed to one of
    the two salinities and infected with Vibrio alginolyticus bacteria that were evolved
    at either of the two salinities in a fully reciprocal design. We investigated
    life-history traits of fathers and expression of 47 target genes in mothers and
    offspring. Pregnant males originating from high salinity exposed to low salinity
    were highly susceptible to opportunistic fungi infections resulting in decreased
    offspring size and number. In contrast, no signs of fungal infection were identified
    in fathers originating from low saline conditions suggesting that genetic adaptation
    has the potential to overcome the challenges encountered at low salinity. Offspring
    from parents with low saline origin survived better at low salinity suggesting
    genetic adaptation to low salinity. In addition, gene expression analyses of juveniles
    indicated patterns of local adaptation, trans-generational plasticity and developmental
    plasticity. In conclusion, our study suggests that pipefish are locally adapted
    to the low salinity in their environment, however, they are retaining phenotypic
    plasticity, which allows them to also cope with ancestral salinity levels and
    prevailing pathogens.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Henry
      foaf_name: Goehlich, Henry
      foaf_surname: Goehlich
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Linda
      foaf_name: Sartoris, Linda
      foaf_surname: Sartoris
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=2B9284CA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Kim-Sara
      foaf_name: Wagner, Kim-Sara
      foaf_surname: Wagner
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Carolin C.
      foaf_name: Wendling, Carolin C.
      foaf_surname: Wendling
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Olivia
      foaf_name: Roth, Olivia
      foaf_surname: Roth
  bibo_doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.626442
  bibo_volume: 9
  dct_date: 2021^xs_gYear
  dct_identifier:
  - UT:000637736300001
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/2296-701X
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Frontiers Media@
  dct_subject:
  - ecology
  - evolution
  - behavior and systematics
  - trans-generational plasticity
  - genetic adaptation
  - local adaptation
  - phenotypic plasticity
  - Baltic Sea
  - climate change
  - salinity
  - syngnathids
  dct_title: Pipefish locally adapted to low salinity in the Baltic Sea retain phenotypic
    plasticity to cope with ancestral salinity levels@
...