---
_id: '10924'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Solid-state microwave systems offer strong interactions for fast quantum logic
    and sensing but photons at telecom wavelength are the ideal choice for high-density
    low-loss quantum interconnects. A general-purpose interface that can make use
    of single photon effects requires < 1 input noise quanta, which has remained elusive
    due to either low efficiency or pump induced heating. Here we demonstrate coherent
    electro-optic modulation on nanosecond-timescales with only 0.16+0.02−0.01 microwave
    input noise photons with a total bidirectional transduction efficiency of 8.7%
    (or up to 15% with 0.41+0.02−0.02), as required for near-term heralded quantum
    network protocols. The use of short and high-power optical pump pulses also enables
    near-unity cooperativity of the electro-optic interaction leading to an internal
    pure conversion efficiency of up to 99.5%. Together with the low mode occupancy
    this provides evidence for electro-optic laser cooling and vacuum amplification
    as predicted a decade ago.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: M-Shop
acknowledgement: "The authors thank S. Wald and F. Diorico for their help with optical
  filtering, O. Hosten\r\nand M. Aspelmeyer for equipment, H.G.L. Schwefel for materials
  and discussions, L.\r\nDrmic and P. Zielinski for software support, and the MIBA
  workshop at IST Austria for\r\nmachining the microwave cavity. This work was supported
  by the European Research\r\nCouncil under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT)
  and the European\r\nUnion’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant
  agreement no.\r\n899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN). W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus
  postdoctoral fellowship\r\nwith funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research
  and innovation\r\nprogram under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411.
  G.A. is the\r\nrecipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
  at IST Austria. J.M.F.\r\nacknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
  through BeyondC (F7105)\r\nand the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
  programs under grant\r\nagreement no. 862644 (FETopen QUARTET)."
article_number: '1276'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Rishabh
  full_name: Sahu, Rishabh
  id: 47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Sahu
  orcid: 0000-0001-6264-2162
- first_name: William J
  full_name: Hease, William J
  id: 29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hease
  orcid: 0000-0001-9868-2166
- first_name: Alfredo R
  full_name: Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R
  id: 3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Rueda Sanchez
  orcid: 0000-0001-6249-5860
- first_name: Georg M
  full_name: Arnold, Georg M
  id: 3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Arnold
  orcid: 0000-0003-1397-7876
- first_name: Liu
  full_name: Qiu, Liu
  id: 45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac
  last_name: Qiu
  orcid: 0000-0003-4345-4267
- first_name: Johannes M
  full_name: Fink, Johannes M
  id: 4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Fink
  orcid: 0000-0001-8112-028X
citation:
  ama: Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. Quantum-enabled
    operation of a microwave-optical interface. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2022;13.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2">10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>
  apa: Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Arnold, G. M., Qiu, L., &#38;
    Fink, J. M. (2022). Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface.
    <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>
  chicago: Sahu, Rishabh, William J Hease, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Georg M Arnold,
    Liu Qiu, and Johannes M Fink. “Quantum-Enabled Operation of a Microwave-Optical
    Interface.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>.
  ieee: R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, A. R. Rueda Sanchez, G. M. Arnold, L. Qiu, and J. M.
    Fink, “Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface,” <i>Nature
    Communications</i>, vol. 13. Springer Nature, 2022.
  ista: Sahu R, Hease WJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Arnold GM, Qiu L, Fink JM. 2022. Quantum-enabled
    operation of a microwave-optical interface. Nature Communications. 13, 1276.
  mla: Sahu, Rishabh, et al. “Quantum-Enabled Operation of a Microwave-Optical Interface.”
    <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 13, 1276, Springer Nature, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2">10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2</a>.
  short: R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, G.M. Arnold, L. Qiu, J.M. Fink,
    Nature Communications 13 (2022).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2022-03-27T22:01:45Z
date_published: 2022-03-11T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-06-10T22:31:13Z
day: '11'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: JoFi
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2107.08303'
  isi:
  - '000767892300013'
  pmid:
  - '35277488'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 7c5176db7b8e2ed18a4e0c5aca70a72c
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2022-03-28T08:02:12Z
  date_updated: 2022-03-28T08:02:12Z
  file_id: '10929'
  file_name: 2022_NatureCommunications_Sahu.pdf
  file_size: 1167492
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-03-28T08:02:12Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        13'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '758053'
  name: A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits
- _id: 9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '899354'
  name: Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits
- _id: 260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '754411'
  name: ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships
- _id: 237CBA6C-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '862644'
  name: Quantum readout techniques and technologies
- _id: bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f
  grant_number: F07105
  name: QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration
    of Superconducting Quantum Circuits
publication: Nature Communications
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2041-1723
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
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scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface
tmp:
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  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 13
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...