---
_id: '11514'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We discuss the nature and physical properties of gas-mass selected galaxies
    in the ALMA spectroscopic survey (ASPECS) of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF).
    We capitalize on the deep optical integral-field spectroscopy from the Multi Unit
    Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) HUDF Survey and multiwavelength data to uniquely
    associate all 16 line emitters, detected in the ALMA data without preselection,
    with rotational transitions of carbon monoxide (CO). We identify 10 as CO(2–1)
    at 1 < z < 2, 5 as CO(3–2) at 2 < z < 3, and 1 as CO(4–3) at z = 3.6. Using the
    MUSE data as a prior, we identify two additional CO(2–1) emitters, increasing
    the total sample size to 18. We infer metallicities consistent with (super-)solar
    for the CO-detected galaxies at z ≤ 1.5, motivating our choice of a Galactic conversion
    factor between CO luminosity and molecular gas mass for these galaxies. Using
    deep Chandra imaging of the HUDF, we determine an X-ray AGN fraction of 20% and
    60% among the CO emitters at z ∼ 1.4 and z ∼ 2.6, respectively. Being a CO-flux-limited
    survey, ASPECS-LP detects molecular gas in galaxies on, above, and below the main
    sequence (MS) at z ∼ 1.4. For stellar masses ≥1010 (1010.5) ${M}_{\odot }$, we
    detect about 40% (50%) of all galaxies in the HUDF at 1 < z < 2 (2 < z < 3). The
    combination of ALMA and MUSE integral-field spectroscopy thus enables an unprecedented
    view of MS galaxies during the peak of galaxy formation.
acknowledgement: "We are grateful to the referee for providing a constructive report.
  L.A.B. wants to thank Madusha L.P. Gunawardhana for her help with platefit. Based
  on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO programme(s):
  094.A-2089(B), 095.A-0010(A), 096.A-0045(A), and 096.A-0045(B). This paper makes
  use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.00324.L. ALMA is a partnership
  of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with
  NRC (Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation
  with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO,
  and NAOJ. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National
  Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities,
  Inc.\r\n\r\n\"Este trabajo contó con el apoyo de CONICYT+Programa de Astronomía+
  Fondo CHINA-CONICYT\" J.G-L. acknowledges partial support from ALMA-CONICYT project
  31160033. F.E.B. acknowledges support from CONICYT grant Basal AFB-170002 (FEB),
  and the Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism's Millennium Science Initiative
  through grant IC120009, awarded to The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS
  (FEB). J.B. acknowledges support by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)
  through national funds (UID/FIS/04434/2013) and Investigador FCT contract IF/01654/2014/CP1215/CT0003.,
  and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007672). T.D-S. acknowledges
  support from ALMA-CONYCIT project 31130005 and FONDECYT project 1151239. J.H. acknowledges
  support of the VIDI research programme with project number 639.042.611, which is
  (partly) financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).
  D.R. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under grant No. AST-1614213.
  I.R.S. acknowledges support from the ERC Advanced Grant DUSTYGAL (321334) and STFC
  (ST/P000541/1)\r\n\r\nWork on Gnuastro has been funded by the Japanese MEXT scholarship
  and its Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (21244012, 24253003), the ERC advanced
  grant 339659-MUSICOS, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
  under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 721463 to the SUNDIAL ITN, and
  from the Spanish MINECO under grant No. AYA2016-76219-P."
article_number: '140'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Leindert A.
  full_name: Boogaard, Leindert A.
  last_name: Boogaard
- first_name: Roberto
  full_name: Decarli, Roberto
  last_name: Decarli
- first_name: Jorge
  full_name: González-López, Jorge
  last_name: González-López
- first_name: Paul
  full_name: van der Werf, Paul
  last_name: van der Werf
- first_name: Fabian
  full_name: Walter, Fabian
  last_name: Walter
- first_name: Rychard
  full_name: Bouwens, Rychard
  last_name: Bouwens
- first_name: Manuel
  full_name: Aravena, Manuel
  last_name: Aravena
- first_name: Chris
  full_name: Carilli, Chris
  last_name: Carilli
- first_name: Franz Erik
  full_name: Bauer, Franz Erik
  last_name: Bauer
- first_name: Jarle
  full_name: Brinchmann, Jarle
  last_name: Brinchmann
- first_name: Thierry
  full_name: Contini, Thierry
  last_name: Contini
- first_name: Pierre
  full_name: Cox, Pierre
  last_name: Cox
- first_name: Elisabete
  full_name: da Cunha, Elisabete
  last_name: da Cunha
- first_name: Emanuele
  full_name: Daddi, Emanuele
  last_name: Daddi
- first_name: Tanio
  full_name: Díaz-Santos, Tanio
  last_name: Díaz-Santos
- first_name: Jacqueline
  full_name: Hodge, Jacqueline
  last_name: Hodge
- first_name: Hanae
  full_name: Inami, Hanae
  last_name: Inami
- first_name: Rob
  full_name: Ivison, Rob
  last_name: Ivison
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Maseda, Michael
  last_name: Maseda
- first_name: Jorryt J
  full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
  id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
  last_name: Matthee
  orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Pascal
  full_name: Oesch, Pascal
  last_name: Oesch
- first_name: Gergö
  full_name: Popping, Gergö
  last_name: Popping
- first_name: Dominik
  full_name: Riechers, Dominik
  last_name: Riechers
- first_name: Joop
  full_name: Schaye, Joop
  last_name: Schaye
- first_name: Sander
  full_name: Schouws, Sander
  last_name: Schouws
- first_name: Ian
  full_name: Smail, Ian
  last_name: Smail
- first_name: Axel
  full_name: Weiss, Axel
  last_name: Weiss
- first_name: Lutz
  full_name: Wisotzki, Lutz
  last_name: Wisotzki
- first_name: Roland
  full_name: Bacon, Roland
  last_name: Bacon
- first_name: Paulo C.
  full_name: Cortes, Paulo C.
  last_name: Cortes
- first_name: Hans-Walter
  full_name: Rix, Hans-Walter
  last_name: Rix
- first_name: Rachel S.
  full_name: Somerville, Rachel S.
  last_name: Somerville
- first_name: Mark
  full_name: Swinbank, Mark
  last_name: Swinbank
- first_name: Jeff
  full_name: Wagg, Jeff
  last_name: Wagg
citation:
  ama: 'Boogaard LA, Decarli R, González-López J, et al. The ALMA spectroscopic survey
    in the HUDF: Nature and physical properties of gas-mass selected galaxies using
    MUSE spectroscopy. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2019;882(2). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102">10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102</a>'
  apa: 'Boogaard, L. A., Decarli, R., González-López, J., van der Werf, P., Walter,
    F., Bouwens, R., … Wagg, J. (2019). The ALMA spectroscopic survey in the HUDF:
    Nature and physical properties of gas-mass selected galaxies using MUSE spectroscopy.
    <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102</a>'
  chicago: 'Boogaard, Leindert A., Roberto Decarli, Jorge González-López, Paul van
    der Werf, Fabian Walter, Rychard Bouwens, Manuel Aravena, et al. “The ALMA Spectroscopic
    Survey in the HUDF: Nature and Physical Properties of Gas-Mass Selected Galaxies
    Using MUSE Spectroscopy.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. IOP Publishing, 2019.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102</a>.'
  ieee: 'L. A. Boogaard <i>et al.</i>, “The ALMA spectroscopic survey in the HUDF:
    Nature and physical properties of gas-mass selected galaxies using MUSE spectroscopy,”
    <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 882, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2019.'
  ista: 'Boogaard LA, Decarli R, González-López J, van der Werf P, Walter F, Bouwens
    R, Aravena M, Carilli C, Bauer FE, Brinchmann J, Contini T, Cox P, da Cunha E,
    Daddi E, Díaz-Santos T, Hodge J, Inami H, Ivison R, Maseda M, Matthee JJ, Oesch
    P, Popping G, Riechers D, Schaye J, Schouws S, Smail I, Weiss A, Wisotzki L, Bacon
    R, Cortes PC, Rix H-W, Somerville RS, Swinbank M, Wagg J. 2019. The ALMA spectroscopic
    survey in the HUDF: Nature and physical properties of gas-mass selected galaxies
    using MUSE spectroscopy. The Astrophysical Journal. 882(2), 140.'
  mla: 'Boogaard, Leindert A., et al. “The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF:
    Nature and Physical Properties of Gas-Mass Selected Galaxies Using MUSE Spectroscopy.”
    <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 882, no. 2, 140, IOP Publishing, 2019,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102">10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102</a>.'
  short: L.A. Boogaard, R. Decarli, J. González-López, P. van der Werf, F. Walter,
    R. Bouwens, M. Aravena, C. Carilli, F.E. Bauer, J. Brinchmann, T. Contini, P.
    Cox, E. da Cunha, E. Daddi, T. Díaz-Santos, J. Hodge, H. Inami, R. Ivison, M.
    Maseda, J.J. Matthee, P. Oesch, G. Popping, D. Riechers, J. Schaye, S. Schouws,
    I. Smail, A. Weiss, L. Wisotzki, R. Bacon, P.C. Cortes, H.-W. Rix, R.S. Somerville,
    M. Swinbank, J. Wagg, The Astrophysical Journal 882 (2019).
date_created: 2022-07-06T13:31:35Z
date_published: 2019-09-11T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-07-19T09:50:55Z
day: '11'
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3102
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '1903.09167'
intvolume: '       882'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- Space and Planetary Science
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.09167
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
publication: The Astrophysical Journal
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1538-4357
  issn:
  - 0004-637X
publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'The ALMA spectroscopic survey in the HUDF: Nature and physical properties
  of gas-mass selected galaxies using MUSE spectroscopy'
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 882
year: '2019'
...