{"external_id":{"arxiv":["2110.00960"],"isi":["001423640200013"]},"title":"Be aware of your leaders","abstract":[{"text":"Advances in blockchains have influenced the State-Machine-Replication (SMR) world and many state-of-the-art blockchain-SMR solutions are based on two pillars: Chaining and Leader-rotation. A predetermined round-robin mechanism used for Leader-rotation, however, has an undesirable behavior: crashed parties become designated leaders infinitely often, slowing down overall system performance. In this paper, we provide a new Leader-Aware SMR framework that, among other desirable properties, formalizes a Leader-utilization requirement that bounds the number of rounds whose leaders are faulty in crash-only executions.\r\nWe introduce Carousel, a novel, reputation-based Leader-rotation solution to achieve Leader-Aware SMR. The challenge in adaptive Leader-rotation is that it cannot rely on consensus to determine a leader, since consensus itself needs a leader. Carousel uses the available on-chain information to determine a leader locally and achieves Liveness despite this difficulty. A HotStuff implementation fitted with Carousel demonstrates drastic performance improvements: it increases throughput over 2x in faultless settings and provided a 20x throughput increase and 5x latency reduction in the presence of faults.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_13","OA_place":"repository","oa_version":"Preprint","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-09-10T09:48:54Z","scopus_import":"1","intvolume":"     13411","oa":1,"page":"279-295","publication":"International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security","date_created":"2023-01-12T12:10:49Z","isi":1,"month":"10","volume":13411,"status":"public","conference":{"location":"Grenada","end_date":"2022-05-06","name":"FC: Financial Cryptography and Data Security","start_date":"2022-05-02"},"arxiv":1,"day":"22","year":"2022","date_published":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","department":[{"_id":"ElKo"}],"_id":"12168","author":[{"full_name":"Cohen, Shir","last_name":"Cohen","first_name":"Shir"},{"first_name":"Rati","full_name":"Gelashvili, Rati","last_name":"Gelashvili"},{"id":"f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d30","first_name":"Eleftherios","last_name":"Kokoris Kogias","full_name":"Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios"},{"first_name":"Zekun","last_name":"Li","full_name":"Li, Zekun"},{"last_name":"Malkhi","full_name":"Malkhi, Dahlia","first_name":"Dahlia"},{"last_name":"Sonnino","full_name":"Sonnino, Alberto","first_name":"Alberto"},{"full_name":"Spiegelman, Alexander","last_name":"Spiegelman","first_name":"Alexander"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","publisher":"Springer Nature","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"OA_type":"green","citation":{"mla":"Cohen, Shir, et al. “Be Aware of Your Leaders.” <i>International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, vol. 13411, Springer Nature, 2022, pp. 279–95, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_13\">10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_13</a>.","ista":"Cohen S, Gelashvili R, Kokoris Kogias E, Li Z, Malkhi D, Sonnino A, Spiegelman A. 2022. Be aware of your leaders. International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. FC: Financial Cryptography and Data Security, LNCS, vol. 13411, 279–295.","ama":"Cohen S, Gelashvili R, Kokoris Kogias E, et al. Be aware of your leaders. In: <i>International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>. Vol 13411. Springer Nature; 2022:279-295. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_13\">10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_13</a>","chicago":"Cohen, Shir, Rati Gelashvili, Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, Zekun Li, Dahlia Malkhi, Alberto Sonnino, and Alexander Spiegelman. “Be Aware of Your Leaders.” In <i>International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, 13411:279–95. Springer Nature, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_13</a>.","short":"S. Cohen, R. Gelashvili, E. Kokoris Kogias, Z. Li, D. Malkhi, A. Sonnino, A. Spiegelman, in:, International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer Nature, 2022, pp. 279–295.","ieee":"S. Cohen <i>et al.</i>, “Be aware of your leaders,” in <i>International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, Grenada, 2022, vol. 13411, pp. 279–295.","apa":"Cohen, S., Gelashvili, R., Kokoris Kogias, E., Li, Z., Malkhi, D., Sonnino, A., &#38; Spiegelman, A. (2022). Be aware of your leaders. In <i>International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i> (Vol. 13411, pp. 279–295). Grenada: Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_13</a>"},"type":"conference","quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1611-3349"],"issn":["0302-9743"],"eisbn":["9783031182839"],"isbn":["9783031182822"]},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2110.00960","open_access":"1"}]}