---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - Himalayan glacier tongues are commonly debris covered and they are an important
    source of melt water. However, they remain relatively unstudied because of the
    inaccessibility of the terrain and the difficulties in field work caused by the
    thick debris mantles. Observations of debris-covered glaciers are therefore scarce
    and airborne remote sensing may bridge the gap between scarce field observations
    and coarse resolution space-borne remote sensing. In this study we deploy an Unmanned
    Aerial Vehicle (UAV) before and after the melt and monsoon season (May and October
    2013) over the debris-covered tongue of the Lirung Glacier in Nepal. Based on
    stereo-imaging and the structure for motion algorithm we derive highly detailed
    ortho-mosaics and digital elevation models (DEMs), which we geometrically correct
    using differential GPS observations collected in the field. Based on DEM differencing
    and manual feature tracking we derive the mass loss and the surface velocity of
    the glacier at a high spatial accuracy. On average, mass loss is limited and the
    surface velocity is very small. However, the spatial variability of melt rates
    is very high, and ice cliffs and supra-glacial ponds show mass losses that can
    be an order of magnitude higher than the average. We suggest that future research
    should focus on the interaction between supra-glacial ponds, ice cliffs and englacial
    hydrology to further understand the dynamics of debris-covered glaciers. Finally,
    we conclude that UAV deployment has large potential in glaciology and it may revolutionize
    methods currently applied in studying glacier surface features.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: W.W.
      foaf_name: Immerzeel, W.W.
      foaf_surname: Immerzeel
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: P.D.A.
      foaf_name: Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A.
      foaf_surname: Kraaijenbrink
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: J.M.
      foaf_name: Shea, J.M.
      foaf_surname: Shea
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: A.B.
      foaf_name: Shrestha, A.B.
      foaf_surname: Shrestha
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Francesca
      foaf_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
      foaf_surname: Pellicciotti
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: M.F.P.
      foaf_name: Bierkens, M.F.P.
      foaf_surname: Bierkens
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: S.M.
      foaf_name: de Jong, S.M.
      foaf_surname: de Jong
  bibo_doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025
  bibo_issue: '7'
  bibo_volume: 150
  dct_date: 2014^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/0034-4257
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Elsevier@
  dct_subject:
  - Computers in Earth Sciences
  - Geology
  - Soil Science
  dct_title: High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned
    aerial vehicles@
...