---
_id: '12861'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The field of indirect reciprocity investigates how social norms can foster
    cooperation when individuals continuously monitor and assess each other’s social
    interactions. By adhering to certain social norms, cooperating individuals can
    improve their reputation and, in turn, receive benefits from others. Eight social
    norms, known as the “leading eight," have been shown to effectively promote the
    evolution of cooperation as long as information is public and reliable. These
    norms categorize group members as either ’good’ or ’bad’. In this study, we examine
    a scenario where individuals instead assign nuanced reputation scores to each
    other, and only cooperate with those whose reputation exceeds a certain threshold.
    We find both analytically and through simulations that such quantitative assessments
    are error-correcting, thus facilitating cooperation in situations where information
    is private and unreliable. Moreover, our results identify four specific norms
    that are robust to such conditions, and may be relevant for helping to sustain
    cooperation in natural populations.
acknowledgement: 'This work was supported by the European Research Council CoG 863818
  (ForM-SMArt) (to K.C.) and the European Research Council Starting Grant 850529:
  E-DIRECT (to C.H.). L.S. received additional partial support by the Austrian Science
  Fund (FWF) under grant Z211-N23 (Wittgenstein Award), and also thanks the support
  by the Stochastic Analysis and Application Research Center (SAARC) under National
  Research Foundation of Korea grant NRF-2019R1A5A1028324. The authors additionally
  thank Stefan Schmid for providing access to his lab infrastructure at the University
  of Vienna for the purpose of collecting simulation data.'
article_number: '2086'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Laura
  full_name: Schmid, Laura
  id: 38B437DE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Schmid
  orcid: 0000-0002-6978-7329
- first_name: Farbod
  full_name: Ekbatani, Farbod
  last_name: Ekbatani
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Hilbe, Christian
  id: 2FDF8F3C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Hilbe
  orcid: 0000-0001-5116-955X
- first_name: Krishnendu
  full_name: Chatterjee, Krishnendu
  id: 2E5DCA20-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Chatterjee
  orcid: 0000-0002-4561-241X
citation:
  ama: Schmid L, Ekbatani F, Hilbe C, Chatterjee K. Quantitative assessment can stabilize
    indirect reciprocity under imperfect information. <i>Nature Communications</i>.
    2023;14. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37817-x">10.1038/s41467-023-37817-x</a>
  apa: Schmid, L., Ekbatani, F., Hilbe, C., &#38; Chatterjee, K. (2023). Quantitative
    assessment can stabilize indirect reciprocity under imperfect information. <i>Nature
    Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37817-x">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37817-x</a>
  chicago: Schmid, Laura, Farbod Ekbatani, Christian Hilbe, and Krishnendu Chatterjee.
    “Quantitative Assessment Can Stabilize Indirect Reciprocity under Imperfect Information.”
    <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37817-x">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37817-x</a>.
  ieee: L. Schmid, F. Ekbatani, C. Hilbe, and K. Chatterjee, “Quantitative assessment
    can stabilize indirect reciprocity under imperfect information,” <i>Nature Communications</i>,
    vol. 14. Springer Nature, 2023.
  ista: Schmid L, Ekbatani F, Hilbe C, Chatterjee K. 2023. Quantitative assessment
    can stabilize indirect reciprocity under imperfect information. Nature Communications.
    14, 2086.
  mla: Schmid, Laura, et al. “Quantitative Assessment Can Stabilize Indirect Reciprocity
    under Imperfect Information.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14, 2086, Springer
    Nature, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37817-x">10.1038/s41467-023-37817-x</a>.
  short: L. Schmid, F. Ekbatani, C. Hilbe, K. Chatterjee, Nature Communications 14
    (2023).
date_created: 2023-04-23T22:01:03Z
date_published: 2023-04-12T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-04-15T06:26:15Z
day: '12'
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: KrCh
doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37817-x
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001003644100020'
  pmid:
  - '37045828'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: a4b3b7b36fbef068cabf4fb99501fef6
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-04-25T09:13:53Z
  date_updated: 2023-04-25T09:13:53Z
  file_id: '12868'
  file_name: 2023_NatureComm_Schmid.pdf
  file_size: 1786475
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-04-25T09:13:53Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        14'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 0599E47C-7A3F-11EA-A408-12923DDC885E
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '863818'
  name: 'Formal Methods for Stochastic Models: Algorithms and Applications'
- _id: 25F42A32-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: Z211
  name: Formal methods for the design and analysis of complex systems
publication: Nature Communications
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2041-1723
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Quantitative assessment can stabilize indirect reciprocity under imperfect
  information
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 14
year: '2023'
...