{"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1643","open_access":"1"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Beaver","first_name":"Donald","full_name":"Beaver, Donald"},{"first_name":"Mahimna","last_name":"Kelkar","full_name":"Kelkar, Mahimna"},{"full_name":"Lewi, Kevin","last_name":"Lewi","first_name":"Kevin"},{"first_name":"Valeria","last_name":"Nikolaenko","full_name":"Nikolaenko, Valeria"},{"full_name":"Sonnino, Alberto","last_name":"Sonnino","first_name":"Alberto"},{"full_name":"Chalkias, Konstantinos","first_name":"Konstantinos","last_name":"Chalkias"},{"last_name":"Kokoris Kogias","first_name":"Eleftherios","id":"f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d30","full_name":"Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios"},{"full_name":"Naurois, Ladi De","first_name":"Ladi De","last_name":"Naurois"},{"full_name":"Roy, Arnab","last_name":"Roy","first_name":"Arnab"}],"day":"01","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We revisit decentralized random beacons with a focus on practical distributed applications. Decentralized random beacons (Beaver and So, Eurocrypt'93) provide the functionality for n parties to generate an unpredictable sequence of bits in a way that cannot be biased, which is useful for any decentralized protocol requiring trusted randomness. Existing beacon constructions are highly inefficient in practical settings where protocol parties need to rejoin after crashes or disconnections, and more significantly where smart contracts may rely on arbitrary index points in high-volume streams. For this, we introduce a new notion of history-generating decentralized random beacons (HGDRBs). Roughly, the history-generation property of HGDRBs allows for previous beacon outputs to be efficiently generated knowing only the current value and the public key. At application layers, history-generation supports registering a sparser set of on-chain values if desired, so that apps like lotteries can utilize on-chain values without incurring high-frequency costs, enjoying all the benefits of DRBs implemented off-chain or with decoupled, special-purpose chains. Unlike rollups, HG is tailored specifically to recovering and verifying pseudorandom bit sequences and thus enjoys unique optimizations investigated in this work. We introduce STROBE: an efficient HGDRB construction which generalizes the original squaring-based RSA approach of Beaver and So. STROBE enjoys several useful properties that make it suited for practical applications that use beacons: 1) history-generating: it can regenerate and verify high-throughput beacon streams, supporting sparse (thus cost-effective) ledger entries; 2) concisely self-verifying: NIZK-free, with state and validation employing a single ring element; 3) eco-friendly: stake-based rather than work based; 4) unbounded: refresh-free, addressing limitations of Beaver and So; 5) delay-free: results are immediately available. 6) storage-efficient: the last beacon suffices to derive all past outputs, thus O(1) storage requirements for nodes serving the whole history."}],"year":"2023","scopus_import":"1","date_published":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","volume":282,"quality_controlled":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","article_number":"7","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"intvolume":"       282","title":"STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons","citation":{"mla":"Beaver, Donald, et al. “STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons.” <i>5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies</i>, vol. 282, 7, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7\">10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7</a>.","ista":"Beaver D, Kelkar M, Lewi K, Nikolaenko V, Sonnino A, Chalkias K, Kokoris Kogias E, Naurois LD, Roy A. 2023. STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons. 5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies. AFT: Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies, LIPIcs, vol. 282, 7.","ieee":"D. Beaver <i>et al.</i>, “STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons,” in <i>5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies</i>, Princeton, NJ, United States, 2023, vol. 282.","ama":"Beaver D, Kelkar M, Lewi K, et al. STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons. In: <i>5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies</i>. Vol 282. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7\">10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7</a>","apa":"Beaver, D., Kelkar, M., Lewi, K., Nikolaenko, V., Sonnino, A., Chalkias, K., … Roy, A. (2023). STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons. In <i>5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies</i> (Vol. 282). Princeton, NJ, United States: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7</a>","chicago":"Beaver, Donald, Mahimna Kelkar, Kevin Lewi, Valeria Nikolaenko, Alberto Sonnino, Konstantinos Chalkias, Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, Ladi De Naurois, and Arnab Roy. “STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons.” In <i>5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies</i>, Vol. 282. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7\">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7</a>.","short":"D. Beaver, M. Kelkar, K. Lewi, V. Nikolaenko, A. Sonnino, K. Chalkias, E. Kokoris Kogias, L.D. Naurois, A. Roy, in:, 5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2023."},"article_processing_charge":"Yes","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1868-8969"],"isbn":["9783959773034"]},"ddc":["000"],"publication":"5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies","publisher":"Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik","month":"10","date_created":"2023-11-12T23:00:55Z","alternative_title":["LIPIcs"],"publication_status":"published","_id":"14516","file":[{"file_size":793495,"creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2023-11-13T08:44:34Z","success":1,"date_created":"2023-11-13T08:44:34Z","checksum":"c1f98831cb5149d6c030c41999e6e960","file_name":"2023_LIPIcs_Beaver.pdf","file_id":"14521","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"status":"public","conference":{"location":"Princeton, NJ, United States","end_date":"2023-10-25","start_date":"2023-10-23","name":"AFT: Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies"},"oa_version":"Published Version","department":[{"_id":"ElKo"}],"doi":"10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7","type":"conference","date_updated":"2023-11-13T08:52:01Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","file_date_updated":"2023-11-13T08:44:34Z","acknowledgement":"Work done when all the authors were at Novi Research, Meta."}