---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - "Sharding distributed ledgers is a promising on-chain solution for scaling blockchains
    but lacks formal grounds, nurturing skepticism on whether such complex systems
    can scale blockchains securely. We fill this gap by introducing the first formal
    framework as well as a roadmap to robust sharding. In particular, we first define
    the properties sharded distributed ledgers should fulfill. We build upon and extend
    the Bitcoin backbone protocol by defining consistency and scalability. Consistency
    encompasses the need for atomic execution of cross-shard transactions to preserve
    safety, whereas scalability encapsulates the speedup a sharded system can gain
    in comparison to a non-sharded system.\r\nUsing our model, we explore the limitations
    of sharding. We show that a sharded ledger with n participants cannot scale under
    a fully adaptive adversary, but it can scale up to m shards where n=c'm log m,
    under an epoch-adaptive adversary; the constant c' encompasses the trade-off between
    security and scalability. This is possible only if the sharded ledgers create
    succinct proofs of the valid state updates at every epoch. We leverage our results
    to identify the sufficient components for robust sharding, which we incorporate
    in a protocol abstraction termed Divide & Scale. To demonstrate the power of our
    framework, we analyze the most prominent sharded blockchains (Elastico, Monoxide,
    OmniLedger, RapidChain) and pinpoint where they fail to meet the desired properties.@eng"
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Zeta
      foaf_name: Avarikioti, Zeta
      foaf_surname: Avarikioti
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Antoine
      foaf_name: Desjardins, Antoine
      foaf_surname: Desjardins
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=06d0c166-aec1-11ee-a7c0-b96e840a602b
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Eleftherios
      foaf_name: Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios
      foaf_surname: Kokoris Kogias
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d30
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Roger
      foaf_name: Wattenhofer, Roger
      foaf_surname: Wattenhofer
  bibo_doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-32733-9_10
  bibo_volume: 13892
  dct_date: 2023^xs_gYear
  dct_identifier:
  - UT:001292782600010
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/0302-9743
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/1611-3349
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/9783031327322
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Springer Nature@
  dct_title: 'Divide & Scale: Formalization and roadmap to robust sharding@'
...