{"has_accepted_license":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","title":"Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model","citation":{"mla":"Schmidt, Hauke, et al. “Effects of Vertical Grid Spacing on the Climate Simulated in the ICON-Sapphire Global Storm-Resolving Model.” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>, vol. 17, no. 4, European Geosciences Union, 2024, pp. 1563–84, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024\">10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024</a>.","ista":"Schmidt H, Rast S, Bao J, Cassim A, Fang SW, Jimenez-De La Cuesta D, Keil P, Kluft L, Kroll C, Lang T, Niemeier U, Schneidereit A, Williams AIL, Stevens B. 2024. Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model. Geoscientific Model Development. 17(4), 1563–1584.","ieee":"H. Schmidt <i>et al.</i>, “Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model,” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>, vol. 17, no. 4. European Geosciences Union, pp. 1563–1584, 2024.","ama":"Schmidt H, Rast S, Bao J, et al. Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model. <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>. 2024;17(4):1563-1584. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024\">10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024</a>","chicago":"Schmidt, Hauke, Sebastian Rast, Jiawei Bao, Amrit Cassim, Shih Wei Fang, Diego Jimenez-De La Cuesta, Paul Keil, et al. “Effects of Vertical Grid Spacing on the Climate Simulated in the ICON-Sapphire Global Storm-Resolving Model.” <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>. European Geosciences Union, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024\">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024</a>.","apa":"Schmidt, H., Rast, S., Bao, J., Cassim, A., Fang, S. W., Jimenez-De La Cuesta, D., … Stevens, B. (2024). Effects of vertical grid spacing on the climate simulated in the ICON-Sapphire global storm-resolving model. <i>Geoscientific Model Development</i>. European Geosciences Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024\">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024</a>","short":"H. Schmidt, S. Rast, J. Bao, A. Cassim, S.W. Fang, D. Jimenez-De La Cuesta, P. Keil, L. Kluft, C. Kroll, T. Lang, U. Niemeier, A. Schneidereit, A.I.L. Williams, B. Stevens, Geoscientific Model Development 17 (2024) 1563–1584."},"intvolume":"        17","ddc":["550"],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1991-9603"],"issn":["1991-959X"]},"scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","volume":17,"oa":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Global storm-resolving models (GSRMs) use strongly refined horizontal grids compared with the climate models typically used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) but employ comparable vertical grid spacings. Here, we study how changes in the vertical grid spacing and adjustments to the integration time step affect the basic climate quantities simulated by the ICON-Sapphire atmospheric GSRM. Simulations are performed over a 45 d period for five different vertical grids with between 55 and 540 vertical layers and maximum tropospheric vertical grid spacings of between 800 and 50 m, respectively. The effects of changes in the vertical grid spacing are compared with the effects of reducing the horizontal grid spacing from 5 to 2.5 km. For most of the quantities considered, halving the vertical grid spacing has a smaller effect than halving the horizontal grid spacing, but it is not negligible. Each halving of the vertical grid spacing, along with the necessary reductions in time step length, increases cloud liquid water by about 7 %, compared with an approximate 16 % decrease for halving the horizontal grid spacing. The effect is due to both the vertical grid refinement and the time step reduction. There is no tendency toward convergence in the range of grid spacings tested here. The cloud ice amount also increases with a refinement in the vertical grid, but it is hardly affected by the time step length and does show a tendency to converge. While the effect on shortwave radiation is globally dominated by the altered reflection due to the change in the cloud liquid water content, the effect on longwave radiation is more difficult to interpret because changes in the cloud ice concentration and cloud fraction are anticorrelated in some regions. The simulations show that using a maximum tropospheric vertical grid spacing larger than 400 m would increase the truncation error strongly. Computing time investments in a further vertical grid refinement can affect the truncation errors of GSRMs similarly to comparable investments in horizontal refinement, because halving the vertical grid spacing is generally cheaper than halving the horizontal grid spacing. However, convergence of boundary layer cloud properties cannot be expected, even for the smallest maximum tropospheric grid spacing of 50 m used in this study.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2024","page":"1563-1584","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"22","author":[{"full_name":"Schmidt, Hauke","last_name":"Schmidt","first_name":"Hauke"},{"full_name":"Rast, Sebastian","first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Rast"},{"id":"bb9a7399-fefd-11ed-be3c-ae648fd1d160","full_name":"Bao, Jiawei","last_name":"Bao","first_name":"Jiawei"},{"first_name":"Amrit","last_name":"Cassim","full_name":"Cassim, Amrit"},{"first_name":"Shih Wei","last_name":"Fang","full_name":"Fang, Shih Wei"},{"full_name":"Jimenez-De La Cuesta, Diego","last_name":"Jimenez-De La Cuesta","first_name":"Diego"},{"full_name":"Keil, Paul","first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Keil"},{"first_name":"Lukas","last_name":"Kluft","full_name":"Kluft, Lukas"},{"full_name":"Kroll, Clarissa","last_name":"Kroll","first_name":"Clarissa"},{"last_name":"Lang","first_name":"Theresa","full_name":"Lang, Theresa"},{"last_name":"Niemeier","first_name":"Ulrike","full_name":"Niemeier, Ulrike"},{"last_name":"Schneidereit","first_name":"Andrea","full_name":"Schneidereit, Andrea"},{"full_name":"Williams, Andrew I.L.","first_name":"Andrew I.L.","last_name":"Williams"},{"last_name":"Stevens","first_name":"Bjorn","full_name":"Stevens, Bjorn"}],"doi":"10.5194/gmd-17-1563-2024","department":[{"_id":"CaMu"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_updated":"2024-03-13T09:01:20Z","type":"journal_article","file_date_updated":"2024-03-13T08:59:21Z","acknowledgement":"The authors wish to thank Ann Kristin Naumann and three anonymous reviewers for very helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. We are grateful to René Redler and Karl-Hermann Wieners for useful recommendations regarding running the simulations. We thank Luis Kornblueh for providing an external vertical grid generator and resolving the memory requirements for the very fine vertical grids. We acknowledge Hauke Schulz for providing the radiosonde data. The simulations were run at the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), and we thank the DKRZ staff for their support.\r\nHauke Schmidt and Diego Jimenez-de la Cuesta received financial support from the SOCTOC project within the framework of the ROMIC program, funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (grant no. 01LG1903A).\r\nThe article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by the Max Planck Society.","file":[{"file_size":13364601,"date_updated":"2024-03-13T08:59:21Z","success":1,"access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2024-03-13T08:59:21Z","file_name":"2024_GeoscientificModelDev_Schmidt.pdf","checksum":"270d2340402729b0532f7072ea914cae","file_id":"15111","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"_id":"15097","status":"public","article_type":"original","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","date_created":"2024-03-10T23:00:53Z","month":"02","publication_status":"published","issue":"4","publication":"Geoscientific Model Development"}