---
_id: '17458'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Changes in gene dosage can have tremendous evolutionary potential (e.g. whole-genome
    duplications), but without compensatory mechanisms, they can also lead to gene
    dysregulation and pathologies. Sex chromosomes are a paradigmatic example of naturally
    occurring gene dosage differences and their compensation. In species with chromosome-based
    sex determination, individuals within the same population necessarily show ‘natural’
    differences in gene dosage for the sex chromosomes. In this Review, we focus on
    the mammalian X chromosome and discuss recent new insights into the dosage-compensation
    mechanisms that evolved along with the emergence of sex chromosomes, namely X-inactivation
    and X-upregulation. We also discuss the evolution of the genetic loci and molecular
    players involved, as well as the regulatory diversity and potentially different
    requirements for dosage compensation across mammalian species.
acknowledgement: We thank Estelle Nicolas for critical feedback on the manuscript
  and Ikuhiro Okamoto for critical feedback on the figures. We apologise to authors
  whose work we overlooked or did not discuss or cite due to limits in the number
  of references. We thank the anonymous reviewers for pointing us to additional literature
  and for their constructive feedback. Figures were prepared with BioRender.com. D.C.
  is supported by a fellowship from Ligue Contre le Cancer (LNCC_TAJT25850) and R.G.
  holds a tenured research position from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
  (France). Research in the Galupa lab is supported by a grant from the Fondation
  pour la Recherche Médicale (AJE202305017142). Open Access funding provided by Fondation
  pour la Recherche Médicale. Deposited in PMC for immediate release.
article_number: dev202891
article_processing_charge: Yes (in subscription journal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Daniela
  full_name: Cecalev, Daniela
  last_name: Cecalev
- first_name: Beatriz
  full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
  id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Vicoso
  orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
- first_name: Rafael
  full_name: Galupa, Rafael
  last_name: Galupa
citation:
  ama: Cecalev D, Vicoso B, Galupa R. Compensation of gene dosage on the mammalian
    X. <i>Development</i>. 2024;151(15). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.202891">10.1242/dev.202891</a>
  apa: Cecalev, D., Vicoso, B., &#38; Galupa, R. (2024). Compensation of gene dosage
    on the mammalian X. <i>Development</i>. The Company of Biologists. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.202891">https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.202891</a>
  chicago: Cecalev, Daniela, Beatriz Vicoso, and Rafael Galupa. “Compensation of Gene
    Dosage on the Mammalian X.” <i>Development</i>. The Company of Biologists, 2024.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.202891">https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.202891</a>.
  ieee: D. Cecalev, B. Vicoso, and R. Galupa, “Compensation of gene dosage on the
    mammalian X,” <i>Development</i>, vol. 151, no. 15. The Company of Biologists,
    2024.
  ista: Cecalev D, Vicoso B, Galupa R. 2024. Compensation of gene dosage on the mammalian
    X. Development. 151(15), dev202891.
  mla: Cecalev, Daniela, et al. “Compensation of Gene Dosage on the Mammalian X.”
    <i>Development</i>, vol. 151, no. 15, dev202891, The Company of Biologists, 2024,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.202891">10.1242/dev.202891</a>.
  short: D. Cecalev, B. Vicoso, R. Galupa, Development 151 (2024).
date_created: 2024-08-25T22:01:07Z
date_published: 2024-08-14T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-08T08:58:58Z
day: '14'
ddc:
- '599'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1242/dev.202891
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001292608800003'
  pmid:
  - '39140247'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 5e428bda0440d3f957c694b315a8f2a9
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: cchlebak
  date_created: 2024-08-28T10:32:16Z
  date_updated: 2024-08-28T10:32:16Z
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  file_name: 2024_Development_Cecalev.pdf
  file_size: 2085135
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file_date_updated: 2024-08-28T10:32:16Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       151'
isi: 1
issue: '15'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
publication: Development
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1477-9129
  issn:
  - 0950-1991
publication_status: published
publisher: The Company of Biologists
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Compensation of gene dosage on the mammalian X
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 151
year: '2024'
...