---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
_id: '17477'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Trapped-ion systems are a leading platform for quantum information processing,
    but they are currently limited to 1D and 2D arrays, which imposes restrictions
    on both their scalability and their range of applications. Here, we propose a
    path to overcome this limitation by demonstrating that Penning traps can be used
    to realize remarkably clean bilayer crystals, wherein hundreds of ions self-organize
    into two well-defined layers. These bilayer crystals are made possible by the
    inclusion of an anharmonic trapping potential, which is readily implementable
    with current technology. We study the normal modes of this system and discover
    salient differences compared to the modes of single-plane crystals. The bilayer
    geometry and the unique properties of the normal modes open new opportunities—in
    particular, in quantum sensing and quantum simulation—that are not straightforward
    in single-plane crystals. Furthermore, we illustrate that it may be possible to
    extend the ideas presented here to realize multilayer crystals with more than
    two layers. Our work increases the dimensionality of trapped-ion systems by efficiently
    utilizing all three spatial dimensions, and it lays the foundation for a new generation
    of quantum information processing experiments with multilayer 3D crystals of trapped
    ions.
acknowledgement: We thank M. Miskeen Khan, Jennifer Lilieholm, and Wes Johnson for
  a careful reading and feedback on the manuscript. We acknowledge discussions with
  Dan Dubin, John Zaris, and Scott Parker. S. H. acknowledges the support of Kishore
  Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana, Department of Science and Technology, Government of
  India. A. S. acknowledges the support of a C. V. Raman post-doctoral fellowship.
  A. L. C., A. M. R., and J. J. B. acknowledge funding from the U.S. Department of
  Energy, Office of Science, NQI Science Research Centers, Quantum Systems Accelerator
  (QSA), a collaboration between the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science
  and other agencies. A. M. R. acknowledges additional support from VBFF, ARO Grant
  No. W911NF-24-1-0128, by the NSF Grants No. JILA-PFC PHY-2317149 and No. QLCI-OMA-2016244,
  and by NIST. J. J. B. acknowledges additional support from the DARPA ONISQ program
  and AFOSR Grant No. FA9550-201-0019.
article_number: '031030'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Samarth
  full_name: Hawaldar, Samarth
  id: 221708e1-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-85146607433e
  last_name: Hawaldar
  orcid: 0000-0002-1965-4309
- first_name: Prakriti
  full_name: Shahi, Prakriti
  last_name: Shahi
- first_name: Allison L.
  full_name: Carter, Allison L.
  last_name: Carter
- first_name: Ana Maria
  full_name: Rey, Ana Maria
  last_name: Rey
- first_name: John J.
  full_name: Bollinger, John J.
  last_name: Bollinger
- first_name: Athreya
  full_name: Shankar, Athreya
  last_name: Shankar
citation:
  ama: Hawaldar S, Shahi P, Carter AL, Rey AM, Bollinger JJ, Shankar A. Bilayer crystals
    of trapped ions for quantum information processing. <i>Physical Review X</i>.
    2024;14(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031030">10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031030</a>
  apa: Hawaldar, S., Shahi, P., Carter, A. L., Rey, A. M., Bollinger, J. J., &#38;
    Shankar, A. (2024). Bilayer crystals of trapped ions for quantum information processing.
    <i>Physical Review X</i>. American Physical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031030">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031030</a>
  chicago: Hawaldar, Samarth, Prakriti Shahi, Allison L. Carter, Ana Maria Rey, John
    J. Bollinger, and Athreya Shankar. “Bilayer Crystals of Trapped Ions for Quantum
    Information Processing.” <i>Physical Review X</i>. American Physical Society,
    2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031030">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031030</a>.
  ieee: S. Hawaldar, P. Shahi, A. L. Carter, A. M. Rey, J. J. Bollinger, and A. Shankar,
    “Bilayer crystals of trapped ions for quantum information processing,” <i>Physical
    Review X</i>, vol. 14, no. 3. American Physical Society, 2024.
  ista: Hawaldar S, Shahi P, Carter AL, Rey AM, Bollinger JJ, Shankar A. 2024. Bilayer
    crystals of trapped ions for quantum information processing. Physical Review X.
    14(3), 031030.
  mla: Hawaldar, Samarth, et al. “Bilayer Crystals of Trapped Ions for Quantum Information
    Processing.” <i>Physical Review X</i>, vol. 14, no. 3, 031030, American Physical
    Society, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031030">10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031030</a>.
  short: S. Hawaldar, P. Shahi, A.L. Carter, A.M. Rey, J.J. Bollinger, A. Shankar,
    Physical Review X 14 (2024).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2024-09-01T22:01:08Z
date_published: 2024-08-16T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-08T09:07:29Z
day: '16'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: JoFi
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031030
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2312.10681'
  isi:
  - '001293977800002'
file:
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  date_updated: 2024-09-06T09:43:53Z
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file_date_updated: 2024-09-06T09:43:53Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        14'
isi: 1
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Physical Review X
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2160-3308
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Bilayer crystals of trapped ions for quantum information processing
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 14
year: '2024'
...