---
_id: '17608'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We study the long-term evolution of the global structure of axisymmetric accretion
    flows onto a black hole (BH) at rates substantially higher than the Eddington
    value (M˙Edd), performing two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations with and
    without radiative diffusion. In the high-accretion optically-thick limit, where
    the radiation energy is efficiently trapped within the inflow, the accretion flow
    becomes adiabatic and comprises of turbulent gas in the equatorial region and
    strong bipolar outflows. As a result, the mass inflow rate decreases toward the
    center as M˙in∝rp with p∼0.5−0.7 and a small fraction of the inflowing gas feeds
    the nuclear BH. Thus, super-Eddington accretion is sustained only when a larger
    amount of gas is supplied from larger radii at >100−1000 M˙Edd. The global structure
    of the flow settles down to a quasi-steady state in millions of the orbital timescale
    at the BH event horizon, which is >10−100 times longer than that addressed in
    previous (magneto-)RHD simulation studies. Energy transport via radiative diffusion
    accelerates the outflow near the poles in the inner region but does not change
    the overall properties of the accretion flow compared to the cases without diffusion.
    Based on our simulation results, we provide a mechanical feedback model for super-Eddington
    accreting BHs. This can be applied as a sub-grid model in large-scale cosmological
    simulations that do not sufficiently resolve galactic nuclei, and to the formation
    of the heaviest gravitational-wave sources via accretion in dense environments.
article_number: '132'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Haojie
  full_name: Hu, Haojie
  last_name: Hu
- first_name: Kohei
  full_name: Inayoshi, Kohei
  last_name: Inayoshi
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
- first_name: Eliot
  full_name: Quataert, Eliot
  last_name: Quataert
- first_name: Rolf
  full_name: Kuiper, Rolf
  last_name: Kuiper
citation:
  ama: 'Hu H, Inayoshi K, Haiman Z, Quataert E, Kuiper R. Long-term evolution of supercritical
    black hole accretion with outflows: A subgrid feedback model for cosmological
    simulations. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2022;934(2). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75d8">10.3847/1538-4357/ac75d8</a>'
  apa: 'Hu, H., Inayoshi, K., Haiman, Z., Quataert, E., &#38; Kuiper, R. (2022). Long-term
    evolution of supercritical black hole accretion with outflows: A subgrid feedback
    model for cosmological simulations. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American
    Astronomical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75d8">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75d8</a>'
  chicago: 'Hu, Haojie, Kohei Inayoshi, Zoltán Haiman, Eliot Quataert, and Rolf Kuiper.
    “Long-Term Evolution of Supercritical Black Hole Accretion with Outflows: A Subgrid
    Feedback Model for Cosmological Simulations.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>.
    American Astronomical Society, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75d8">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75d8</a>.'
  ieee: 'H. Hu, K. Inayoshi, Z. Haiman, E. Quataert, and R. Kuiper, “Long-term evolution
    of supercritical black hole accretion with outflows: A subgrid feedback model
    for cosmological simulations,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 934, no.
    2. American Astronomical Society, 2022.'
  ista: 'Hu H, Inayoshi K, Haiman Z, Quataert E, Kuiper R. 2022. Long-term evolution
    of supercritical black hole accretion with outflows: A subgrid feedback model
    for cosmological simulations. The Astrophysical Journal. 934(2), 132.'
  mla: 'Hu, Haojie, et al. “Long-Term Evolution of Supercritical Black Hole Accretion
    with Outflows: A Subgrid Feedback Model for Cosmological Simulations.” <i>The
    Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 934, no. 2, 132, American Astronomical Society,
    2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75d8">10.3847/1538-4357/ac75d8</a>.'
  short: H. Hu, K. Inayoshi, Z. Haiman, E. Quataert, R. Kuiper, The Astrophysical
    Journal 934 (2022).
date_created: 2024-09-05T13:17:38Z
date_published: 2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-09-23T14:23:12Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac75d8
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       934'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75d8
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: The Astrophysical Journal
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0004-637X
  - 1538-4357
publication_status: published
publisher: American Astronomical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Long-term evolution of supercritical black hole accretion with outflows: A
  subgrid feedback model for cosmological simulations'
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 934
year: '2022'
...