{"author":[{"first_name":"Takamitsu","full_name":"Tanaka, Takamitsu","last_name":"Tanaka"},{"first_name":"Zoltán","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","last_name":"Haiman"}],"publication":"The Astrophysical Journal","scopus_import":"1","citation":{"apa":"Tanaka, T., &#38; Haiman, Z. (2009). The assembly of supermassive black holes at high redshifts. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American Astronomical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798\">https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798</a>","chicago":"Tanaka, Takamitsu, and Zoltán Haiman. “The Assembly of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshifts.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. American Astronomical Society, 2009. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798\">https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798</a>.","ista":"Tanaka T, Haiman Z. 2009. The assembly of supermassive black holes at high redshifts. The Astrophysical Journal. 696(2), 1798–1822.","short":"T. Tanaka, Z. Haiman, The Astrophysical Journal 696 (2009) 1798–1822.","ama":"Tanaka T, Haiman Z. The assembly of supermassive black holes at high redshifts. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2009;696(2):1798-1822. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798\">10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798</a>","mla":"Tanaka, Takamitsu, and Zoltán Haiman. “The Assembly of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshifts.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 696, no. 2, American Astronomical Society, 2009, pp. 1798–822, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798\">10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798</a>.","ieee":"T. Tanaka and Z. Haiman, “The assembly of supermassive black holes at high redshifts,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 696, no. 2. American Astronomical Society, pp. 1798–1822, 2009."},"date_published":"2009-05-10T00:00:00Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The supermassive black holes (SMBHs) massive enough to power the bright redshift ~6 quasars observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) are thought to have assembled by mergers and/or gas accretion from less massive \"seed\" BHs. If the seeds are the ~100 Msol remnant BHs from the first generation of stars, they must be in place well before redshift z=6, and must avoid being ejected from their parent proto-galaxies by the large (few hundred km/s) kicks they suffer from gravitational-radiation induced recoil during mergers with other BHs. We simulate the SMBH mass function at redshift z=6 using dark matter (DM) halo merger trees, coupled with a prescription for the halo occupation fraction, accretion histories, and radial recoil trajectories of the growing BHs. Our purpose is (i) to map out plausible scenarios for successful assembly of the z~6 quasar BHs by exploring a wide region of parameter space, and (ii) to predict the rate of low-frequency gravitational wave events detectable by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) for each such scenario. Our main findings are as follows: (1) ~100 Msol seed BHs can grow into the SDSS quasar BHs without super--Eddington accretion, but only if they form in minihalos by z~30 and subsequently accrete ~60% of the time; (2) the scenarios with optimistic assumptions required to explain the SDSS quasar BHs overproduce the mass density in lower--mass (10^5 to 10^7 Msol) SMBHs by a factor of 100-1000, unless seeds stop forming, or accrete at a severely diminished rates or duty cycles (e.g. due to feedback), at z < 20-30. We also present several successful assembly models and their LISA detection rates, including a \"maximal\" model that gives the highest rate (~30/yr at z~6) without overproducing the total SMBH density."}],"doi":"10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798","date_updated":"2024-09-26T13:45:27Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       696","oa_version":"Published Version","page":"1798-1822","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"]},"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2024-09-06T09:19:25Z","day":"10","publisher":"American Astronomical Society","title":"The assembly of supermassive black holes at high redshifts","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"issue":"2","status":"public","year":"2009","month":"05","volume":696,"_id":"17735","article_type":"original","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","user_id":"317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345","article_processing_charge":"No","oa":1,"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/696/2/1798"}]}