---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - The earliest generation of stars and black holes must have established an early
    ‘Lyman–Werner’ background (LWB) at high redshift, prior to the epoch of reionization.
    Because of the long mean free path of photons with energies hν < 13.6 eV, the
    LWB was nearly uniform. However, some variation in the LWB is expected due to
    the discrete nature of the sources, and their highly clustered spatial distribution.
    In this paper, we compute the probability distribution function (PDF) of the LW
    flux that irradiates dark matter (DM) haloes collapsing at high redshift (z≈ 10).
    Our model accounts for (i) the clustering of DM haloes, (ii) Poisson fluctuations
    in the number of corresponding star-forming galaxies and (iii) scatter in the
    LW luminosity produced by haloes of a given mass (calibrated using local observations).
    We find that >99 per cent of the DM haloes are illuminated by an LW flux within
    a factor of 2 of the global mean value. However, a small fraction, ∼10^−8 to 10^−6,
    of DM haloes with virial temperatures Tvir≳ 10^4 K have a close luminous neighbour
    within ≲10 kpc, and are exposed to an LW flux exceeding the global mean by a factor
    of >20, or to J21,LW > 10^3 (in units of 10^−21 erg s^−1 Hz^−1 sr^−1 cm^−2). This
    large LW flux can photodissociate H2 molecules in the gas collapsing due to atomic
    cooling in these haloes, and prevent its further cooling and fragmentation. Such
    close halo pairs therefore provide possible sites in which primordial gas clouds
    collapse directly into massive black holes (MBH≈ 10^4−6M⊙), and subsequently grow
    into supermassive (MBH≳ 10^9M⊙) black holes by z≈ 6.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Mark
      foaf_name: Dijkstra, Mark
      foaf_surname: Dijkstra
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Zoltán
      foaf_name: Haiman, Zoltán
      foaf_surname: Haiman
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Andrei
      foaf_name: Mesinger, Andrei
      foaf_surname: Mesinger
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: J. Stuart B.
      foaf_name: Wyithe, J. Stuart B.
      foaf_surname: Wyithe
  bibo_doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14031.x
  bibo_issue: '4'
  bibo_volume: 391
  dct_date: 2008^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/0035-8711
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/1365-2966
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Oxford University Press@
  dct_title: 'Fluctuations in the high-redshift Lyman-Werner background: Close halo
    pairs as the origin of supermassive black holes@'
...