---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '18494'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We expect luminous (M 1450 ≲ −26.5) high-redshift quasars to trace the highest-density
    peaks in the early Universe. Here, we present observations of four z ≳ 6 quasar
    fields using JWST/NIRCam in the imaging and wide-field slitless spectroscopy mode
    and report a wide range in the number of detected [O iii]-emitting galaxies in
    the quasars’ environments, ranging between a density enhancement of δ ≈ 65 within
    a 2 cMpc radius—one of the largest protoclusters during the Epoch of Reionization
    discovered to date—to a density contrast consistent with zero, indicating the
    presence of a UV-luminous quasar in a region comparable to the average density
    of the Universe. By measuring the two-point cross-correlation function of quasars
    and their surrounding galaxies, as well as the galaxy autocorrelation function,
    we infer a correlation length of quasars at 〈z〉 = 6.25 of r 0 QQ = 22.0 − 2.9
    + 3.0 cMpc h − 1 , while we obtain a correlation length of the [O iii]-emitting
    galaxies of r 0 GG = 4.1 ± 0.3 cMpc h − 1 . By comparing the correlation functions
    to dark-matter-only simulations we estimate the minimum mass of the quasars’ host
    dark matter halos to be log 10 ( M halo , min / M ⊙ ) = 12.43 − 0.15 + 0.13 (and
    log 10 ( M halo , min [ OIII ] / M ⊙ ) = 10.56 − 0.03 + 0.05 for the [O iii] emitters),
    indicating that (a) luminous quasars do not necessarily reside within the most
    overdense regions in the early Universe, and that (b) the UV-luminous duty cycle
    of quasar activity at these redshifts is f duty ≪ 1. Such short quasar activity
    timescales challenge our understanding of early supermassive black hole growth
    and provide evidence for highly dust-obscured growth phases or episodic, radiatively
    inefficient accretion rates.
acknowledgement: "The authors would like to thank the anonymous referee for the thoughtful
  comments, which significantly improved our manuscript, and Jan-Torge Schindler,
  Jiamu Huang, and Feige Wang for helpful discussions.\r\n\r\nJ.F.H. and E.P. acknowledge
  support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon
  2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 885301). J.M. acknowledges
  support from the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224).\r\n\r\nThis work is based
  on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The JWST
  data presented in this article were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space
  Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association
  of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127
  for JWST. The specific observations analyzed are associated with program #1243 and
  can be accessed via doi:10.17909/m5mp-5v90.\r\n\r\nThis work used the DiRAC Memory
  Intensive service (Cosma8) at the University of Durham, which is part of the STFC
  DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk). Access to DiRAC resources was granted through
  a Directors Discretionary Time allocation in 2023/24, under the auspices of the
  UKRI-funded DiRAC Federation Project. The equipment was funded by BEIS capital funding
  via STFC capital grants ST/K00042X/1, ST/P002293/1, ST/R002371/1, and ST/S002502/1,
  Durham University and STFC operations grant ST/R000832/1. DiRAC is part of the National
  e-Infrastructure.\r\n\r\nWe thank the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC),
  Centro de Supercomputacion de Galicia (CESGA), and Spanish Academic and Research
  Network (RedIRIS) in Spain for hosting Uchuu DR1, DR2, and DR3 in the Skies & Universes
  site for cosmological simulations. The Uchuu simulations were carried out on the
  Aterui II supercomputer at the Center for Computational Astrophysics, CfCA, of the
  National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, and the K computer at the RIKEN Advanced
  Institute for Computational Science. The Uchuu Data Releases efforts have made use
  of the skunIAA_RedIRIS and skun6IAA computer facilities managed by the IAA-CSIC
  in Spain (MICINN EU-Feder grant EQC2018-004366-P)."
article_number: '275'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Anna Christina
  full_name: Eilers, Anna Christina
  last_name: Eilers
- first_name: Ruari
  full_name: Mackenzie, Ruari
  last_name: Mackenzie
- first_name: Elia
  full_name: Pizzati, Elia
  last_name: Pizzati
- first_name: Jorryt J
  full_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
  id: 7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
  last_name: Matthee
  orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
- first_name: Joseph F.
  full_name: Hennawi, Joseph F.
  last_name: Hennawi
- first_name: Haowen
  full_name: Zhang, Haowen
  last_name: Zhang
- first_name: Rongmon
  full_name: Bordoloi, Rongmon
  last_name: Bordoloi
- first_name: Daichi
  full_name: Kashino, Daichi
  last_name: Kashino
- first_name: Simon J.
  full_name: Lilly, Simon J.
  last_name: Lilly
- first_name: Rohan P.
  full_name: Naidu, Rohan P.
  last_name: Naidu
- first_name: Robert A.
  full_name: Simcoe, Robert A.
  last_name: Simcoe
- first_name: Minghao
  full_name: Yue, Minghao
  last_name: Yue
- first_name: Carlos S.
  full_name: Frenk, Carlos S.
  last_name: Frenk
- first_name: John C.
  full_name: Helly, John C.
  last_name: Helly
- first_name: Matthieu
  full_name: Schaller, Matthieu
  last_name: Schaller
- first_name: Joop
  full_name: Schaye, Joop
  last_name: Schaye
citation:
  ama: Eilers AC, Mackenzie R, Pizzati E, et al. EIGER. VI. The correlation function,
    host halo mass, and duty cycle of luminous quasars at z ≳ 6. <i>Astrophysical
    Journal</i>. 2024;974(2). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad778b">10.3847/1538-4357/ad778b</a>
  apa: Eilers, A. C., Mackenzie, R., Pizzati, E., Matthee, J. J., Hennawi, J. F.,
    Zhang, H., … Schaye, J. (2024). EIGER. VI. The correlation function, host halo
    mass, and duty cycle of luminous quasars at z ≳ 6. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>.
    IOP Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad778b">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad778b</a>
  chicago: Eilers, Anna Christina, Ruari Mackenzie, Elia Pizzati, Jorryt J Matthee,
    Joseph F. Hennawi, Haowen Zhang, Rongmon Bordoloi, et al. “EIGER. VI. The Correlation
    Function, Host Halo Mass, and Duty Cycle of Luminous Quasars at z ≳ 6.” <i>Astrophysical
    Journal</i>. IOP Publishing, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad778b">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad778b</a>.
  ieee: A. C. Eilers <i>et al.</i>, “EIGER. VI. The correlation function, host halo
    mass, and duty cycle of luminous quasars at z ≳ 6,” <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>,
    vol. 974, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2024.
  ista: Eilers AC, Mackenzie R, Pizzati E, Matthee JJ, Hennawi JF, Zhang H, Bordoloi
    R, Kashino D, Lilly SJ, Naidu RP, Simcoe RA, Yue M, Frenk CS, Helly JC, Schaller
    M, Schaye J. 2024. EIGER. VI. The correlation function, host halo mass, and duty
    cycle of luminous quasars at z ≳ 6. Astrophysical Journal. 974(2), 275.
  mla: Eilers, Anna Christina, et al. “EIGER. VI. The Correlation Function, Host Halo
    Mass, and Duty Cycle of Luminous Quasars at z ≳ 6.” <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>,
    vol. 974, no. 2, 275, IOP Publishing, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad778b">10.3847/1538-4357/ad778b</a>.
  short: A.C. Eilers, R. Mackenzie, E. Pizzati, J.J. Matthee, J.F. Hennawi, H. Zhang,
    R. Bordoloi, D. Kashino, S.J. Lilly, R.P. Naidu, R.A. Simcoe, M. Yue, C.S. Frenk,
    J.C. Helly, M. Schaller, J. Schaye, Astrophysical Journal 974 (2024).
date_created: 2024-11-03T23:01:45Z
date_published: 2024-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-08T14:29:05Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: JoMa
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad778b
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001338877100001'
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intvolume: '       974'
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language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea
  grant_number: '101076224'
  name: Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization
publication: Astrophysical Journal
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1538-4357
  issn:
  - 0004-637X
publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: EIGER. VI. The correlation function, host halo mass, and duty cycle of luminous
  quasars at z ≳ 6
tmp:
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type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 974
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