{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"10","type":"journal_article","acknowledgement":"The authors would like to thank the anonymous referee for the useful suggestions which improved this article. This paper is based on data obtained with the ALMA Observatory, under Large Program 2017.1.00428.L. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA), and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. CDC would like to thank the GESO group at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) for the useful discussions while preparing this manuscript. The simulated data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author. CDC acknowledged support from Sapienza University of Rome program “Bando per la mobilità individuale all’estero” (DR n.1607 del 14 June 2021) during the visiting period (June-November 2022) at ESO Garching, Germany. LG and RS acknowledge support from the PRIN 2022 MUR project 2022CB3PJ3 – First Light And Galaxy aSsembly (FLAGS) funded by the European Union – Next Generation EU, and from the Amaldi Research Center funded by the MIUR program “Dipartimento di Eccellenza” (CUP:B81I18001170001). MR acknowledges support from the Narodowe Centrum Nauki (UMO-2020/38/E/ST9/00077) and support from the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP) under the program START 063.2023. We have benefited from the publicly available software CASA and CARTA and programming language Python, including the numpy (https://numpy.org), matplotlib (https://matplotlib.org), scipy (https://scipy.org) and astropy (http://www.astropy.org) packages. ","corr_author":"1","volume":690,"article_type":"original","date_updated":"2024-11-11T08:54:36Z","ddc":["520"],"year":"2024","date_created":"2024-11-10T23:02:00Z","has_accepted_license":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","quality_controlled":"1","OA_place":"publisher","citation":{"short":"C. Di Cesare, M. Ginolfi, L. Graziani, R. Schneider, M. Romano, G. Popping, Astronomy and Astrophysics 690 (2024).","chicago":"Di Cesare, Claudia, M. Ginolfi, L. Graziani, R. Schneider, M. Romano, and G. Popping. “Carbon Envelopes around Merging Galaxies at z ~ 4.5.” <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449164\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449164</a>.","mla":"Di Cesare, Claudia, et al. “Carbon Envelopes around Merging Galaxies at z ~ 4.5.” <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>, vol. 690, A255, EDP Sciences, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449164\">10.1051/0004-6361/202449164</a>.","apa":"Di Cesare, C., Ginolfi, M., Graziani, L., Schneider, R., Romano, M., &#38; Popping, G. (2024). Carbon envelopes around merging galaxies at z ~ 4.5. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449164\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449164</a>","ieee":"C. Di Cesare, M. Ginolfi, L. Graziani, R. Schneider, M. Romano, and G. Popping, “Carbon envelopes around merging galaxies at z ~ 4.5,” <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>, vol. 690. EDP Sciences, 2024.","ista":"Di Cesare C, Ginolfi M, Graziani L, Schneider R, Romano M, Popping G. 2024. Carbon envelopes around merging galaxies at z ~ 4.5. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 690, A255.","ama":"Di Cesare C, Ginolfi M, Graziani L, Schneider R, Romano M, Popping G. Carbon envelopes around merging galaxies at z ~ 4.5. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. 2024;690. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449164\">10.1051/0004-6361/202449164</a>"},"oa":1,"date_published":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","intvolume":"       690","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202449164","_id":"18527","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file","checksum":"24c65a64047aba156f39b01425269bdb","file_name":"2024_AstronomyAstrophysics_diCesare.pdf","creator":"dernst","file_id":"18533","date_updated":"2024-11-11T08:54:11Z","file_size":8033864,"date_created":"2024-11-11T08:54:11Z"}],"file_date_updated":"2024-11-11T08:54:11Z","publication":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","article_number":"A255","arxiv":1,"publication_status":"published","scopus_import":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Context. Galaxies evolve through a dynamic exchange of material with their immediate surrounding environment, the so-called circumgalactic medium (CGM). Understanding the physics of gas flows and the nature of the CGM is fundamental to studying galaxy evolution, especially at 4 ≤ z ≤ 6 (i.e., after the Epoch of Reionization) when galaxies rapidly assembled their masses and reached their chemical maturity. Galactic outflows are predicted to enrich the CGM with metals, although it has also been suggested that gas stripping in systems undergoing a major merger may play a role.\r\n\r\nAims. In this work, we explore the metal enrichment of the medium around merging galaxies at z ∼ 4.5, observed by the ALMA Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE). To do so, we study the nature of the [CII] 158 μm emission in the CGM around these systems, using simulations to help disentangle the mechanisms contributing to the CGM metal pollution.\r\n\r\nMethods. By adopting an updated classification of major merger systems in the ALPINE survey, we selected and analyzed merging galaxies whose components can be spatially and/or spectrally resolved in a robust way. This makes it possible to distinguish between the [CII] emission coming from the single components of the system and that coming from the system as a whole. We also made use of the dustyGadget cosmological simulation to select synthetic analogs of observed galaxies and guide the interpretation of the observational results.\r\n\r\nResults. We find a large diffuse [CII] envelope (≳20 kpc) embedding all the merging systems, with at least 25% of the total [CII] emission coming from the medium between the galaxies. Using predictions from dustyGadget, we suggest that this emission has a multi-fold nature, with dynamical interactions between galaxies playing a major role in stripping the gas and enriching the medium with heavy elements."}],"title":"Carbon envelopes around merging galaxies at z ~ 4.5","OA_type":"hybrid","oa_version":"Published Version","department":[{"_id":"JoMa"}],"publisher":"EDP Sciences","day":"01","author":[{"last_name":"Di Cesare","id":"2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb","full_name":"Di Cesare, Claudia","first_name":"Claudia"},{"full_name":"Ginolfi, M.","last_name":"Ginolfi","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"L.","full_name":"Graziani, L.","last_name":"Graziani"},{"first_name":"R.","last_name":"Schneider","full_name":"Schneider, R."},{"first_name":"M.","full_name":"Romano, M.","last_name":"Romano"},{"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Popping","full_name":"Popping, G."}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0004-6361"],"eissn":["1432-0746"]},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2401.03020"]},"status":"public"}