---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - Bacteria regulate genes to survive antibiotic stress, but regulation can be far
    from perfect. When regulation is not optimal, mutations that change gene expression
    can contribute to antibiotic resistance. It is not systematically understood to
    what extent natural gene regulation is or is not optimal for distinct antibiotics,
    and how changes in expression of specific genes quantitatively affect antibiotic
    resistance. Here we discover a simple quantitative relation between fitness, gene
    expression, and antibiotic potency, which rationalizes our observation that a
    multitude of genes and even innate antibiotic defense mechanisms have expression
    that is critically nonoptimal under antibiotic treatment. First, we developed
    a pooled-strain drug-diffusion assay and screened Escherichia coli overexpression
    and knockout libraries, finding that resistance to a range of 31 antibiotics could
    result from changing expression of a large and functionally diverse set of genes,
    in a primarily but not exclusively drug-specific manner. Second, by synthetically
    controlling the expression of single-drug and multidrug resistance genes, we observed
    that their fitness-expression functions changed dramatically under antibiotic
    treatment in accordance with a log-sensitivity relation. Thus, because many genes
    are nonoptimally expressed under antibiotic treatment, many regulatory mutations
    can contribute to resistance by altering expression and by activating latent defenses.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Adam
      foaf_name: Palmer, Adam
      foaf_surname: Palmer
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Remy P
      foaf_name: Chait, Remy P
      foaf_surname: Chait
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=3464AE84-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
    orcid: 0000-0003-0876-3187
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Roy
      foaf_name: Kishony, Roy
      foaf_surname: Kishony
  bibo_doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy163
  bibo_issue: '11'
  bibo_volume: 35
  dct_date: 2018^xs_gYear
  dct_identifier:
  - UT:000452567200006
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/0737-4038
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Oxford University Press@
  dct_title: Nonoptimal gene expression creates latent potential for antibiotic resistance@
  fabio_hasPubmedId: '30169679'
...