---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - The existence of complex (multiple-step) genetic adaptations that are "irreducible"
    (i.e., all partial combinations are less fit than the original genotype) is one
    of the longest standing problems in evolutionary biology. In standard genetics
    parlance, these adaptations require the crossing of a wide adaptive valley of
    deleterious intermediate stages. Here, we demonstrate, using a simple model, that
    evolution can cross wide valleys to produce "irreducibly complex" adaptations
    by making use of previously cryptic mutations. When revealed by an evolutionary
    capacitor, previously cryptic mutants have higher initial frequencies than do
    new mutations, bringing them closer to a valley-crossing saddle in allele frequency
    space. Moreover, simple combinatorics implies an enormous number of candidate
    combinations exist within available cryptic genetic variation. We model the dynamics
    of crossing of a wide adaptive valley after a capacitance event using both numerical
    simulations and analytical approximations. Although individual valley crossing
    events become less likely as valleys widen, by taking the combinatorics of genotype
    space into account, we see that revealing cryptic variation can cause the frequent
    evolution of complex adaptations.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Meredith
      foaf_name: Trotter, Meredith
      foaf_surname: Trotter
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Daniel
      foaf_name: Weissman, Daniel
      foaf_surname: Weissman
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=2D0CE020-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Grant
      foaf_name: Peterson, Grant
      foaf_surname: Peterson
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Kayla
      foaf_name: Peck, Kayla
      foaf_surname: Peck
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Joanna
      foaf_name: Masel, Joanna
      foaf_surname: Masel
  bibo_doi: 10.1111/evo.12517
  bibo_issue: '12'
  bibo_volume: 68
  dct_date: 2014^xs_gYear
  dct_identifier:
  - UT:000346075600001
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Wiley-Blackwell@
  dct_title: Cryptic genetic variation can make "irreducible complexity"
    a common mode of adaptation in sexual populations@
...