---
OA_type: closed access
_id: '19444'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: As the field of neural organoids and assembloids expands, there is an emergent
    need for guidance and advice on designing, conducting and reporting experiments
    to increase the reproducibility and utility of these models. In this Perspective,
    we present a framework for the experimental process that encompasses ensuring
    the quality and integrity of human pluripotent stem cells, characterizing and
    manipulating neural cells in vitro, transplantation techniques and considerations
    for modelling human development, evolution and disease. As with all scientific
    endeavours, we advocate for rigorous experimental designs tailored to explicit
    scientific questions as well as transparent methodologies and data sharing to
    provide useful knowledge for current research practices and for developing regulatory
    standards.
acknowledgement: The authors thank members of their laboratories who provided feedback
  on earlier versions of this manuscript, including A. Jourdon, V. Mariano, T. L.
  Li, N. Caporale, E. Villa and M. Sutcliffe.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Sergiu P.
  full_name: Pașca, Sergiu P.
  last_name: Pașca
- first_name: Paola
  full_name: Arlotta, Paola
  last_name: Arlotta
- first_name: Helen S.
  full_name: Bateup, Helen S.
  last_name: Bateup
- first_name: J. Gray
  full_name: Camp, J. Gray
  last_name: Camp
- first_name: Silvia
  full_name: Cappello, Silvia
  last_name: Cappello
- first_name: Fred H.
  full_name: Gage, Fred H.
  last_name: Gage
- first_name: Jürgen A.
  full_name: Knoblich, Jürgen A.
  last_name: Knoblich
- first_name: Arnold R.
  full_name: Kriegstein, Arnold R.
  last_name: Kriegstein
- first_name: Madeline A.
  full_name: Lancaster, Madeline A.
  last_name: Lancaster
- first_name: Guo Li
  full_name: Ming, Guo Li
  last_name: Ming
- first_name: Gaia
  full_name: Novarino, Gaia
  id: 3E57A680-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Novarino
  orcid: 0000-0002-7673-7178
- first_name: Hideyuki
  full_name: Okano, Hideyuki
  last_name: Okano
- first_name: Malin
  full_name: Parmar, Malin
  last_name: Parmar
- first_name: In Hyun
  full_name: Park, In Hyun
  last_name: Park
- first_name: Orly
  full_name: Reiner, Orly
  last_name: Reiner
- first_name: Hongjun
  full_name: Song, Hongjun
  last_name: Song
- first_name: Lorenz
  full_name: Studer, Lorenz
  last_name: Studer
- first_name: Jun
  full_name: Takahashi, Jun
  last_name: Takahashi
- first_name: Sally
  full_name: Temple, Sally
  last_name: Temple
- first_name: Giuseppe
  full_name: Testa, Giuseppe
  last_name: Testa
- first_name: Barbara
  full_name: Treutlein, Barbara
  last_name: Treutlein
- first_name: Flora M.
  full_name: Vaccarino, Flora M.
  last_name: Vaccarino
- first_name: Pierre
  full_name: Vanderhaeghen, Pierre
  last_name: Vanderhaeghen
- first_name: Tracy
  full_name: Young-Pearse, Tracy
  last_name: Young-Pearse
citation:
  ama: Pașca SP, Arlotta P, Bateup HS, et al. A framework for neural organoids, assembloids
    and transplantation studies. <i>Nature</i>. 2025;639(8054):315-320. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08487-6">10.1038/s41586-024-08487-6</a>
  apa: Pașca, S. P., Arlotta, P., Bateup, H. S., Camp, J. G., Cappello, S., Gage,
    F. H., … Young-Pearse, T. (2025). A framework for neural organoids, assembloids
    and transplantation studies. <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08487-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08487-6</a>
  chicago: Pașca, Sergiu P., Paola Arlotta, Helen S. Bateup, J. Gray Camp, Silvia
    Cappello, Fred H. Gage, Jürgen A. Knoblich, et al. “A Framework for Neural Organoids,
    Assembloids and Transplantation Studies.” <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature, 2025.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08487-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08487-6</a>.
  ieee: S. P. Pașca <i>et al.</i>, “A framework for neural organoids, assembloids
    and transplantation studies,” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 639, no. 8054. Springer Nature,
    pp. 315–320, 2025.
  ista: Pașca SP, Arlotta P, Bateup HS, Camp JG, Cappello S, Gage FH, Knoblich JA,
    Kriegstein AR, Lancaster MA, Ming GL, Novarino G, Okano H, Parmar M, Park IH,
    Reiner O, Song H, Studer L, Takahashi J, Temple S, Testa G, Treutlein B, Vaccarino
    FM, Vanderhaeghen P, Young-Pearse T. 2025. A framework for neural organoids, assembloids
    and transplantation studies. Nature. 639(8054), 315–320.
  mla: Pașca, Sergiu P., et al. “A Framework for Neural Organoids, Assembloids and
    Transplantation Studies.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 639, no. 8054, Springer Nature,
    2025, pp. 315–20, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08487-6">10.1038/s41586-024-08487-6</a>.
  short: S.P. Pașca, P. Arlotta, H.S. Bateup, J.G. Camp, S. Cappello, F.H. Gage, J.A.
    Knoblich, A.R. Kriegstein, M.A. Lancaster, G.L. Ming, G. Novarino, H. Okano, M.
    Parmar, I.H. Park, O. Reiner, H. Song, L. Studer, J. Takahashi, S. Temple, G.
    Testa, B. Treutlein, F.M. Vaccarino, P. Vanderhaeghen, T. Young-Pearse, Nature
    639 (2025) 315–320.
date_created: 2025-03-23T23:01:27Z
date_published: 2025-03-13T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-30T11:13:47Z
day: '13'
department:
- _id: GaNo
doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08487-6
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001437461900001'
  pmid:
  - '39653126'
intvolume: '       639'
isi: 1
issue: '8054'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa_version: None
page: 315-320
pmid: 1
publication: Nature
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1476-4687
  issn:
  - 0028-0836
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A framework for neural organoids, assembloids and transplantation studies
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 639
year: '2025'
...