article published yes Stefanie Muroya Lei author a376de31-8972-11ed-ae7b-d0251c13c8ff Krishnendu Chatterjee author 2E5DCA20-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A870000-0002-4561-241X Thomas A Henzinger author 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A870000-0002-2985-7724 KrCh department ToHe department Formal Methods for Stochastic Models: Algorithms and Applications project Quantum hardware is inherently fragile and noisy. We find that the accuracy of traditional quantum error correction algorithms can be improved depending on the hardware. Given different hardware specifications, we automatically synthesize hardware-optimal algorithms for parity correction, qubit resetting, and GHZ (Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger) state preparation. Using stochastic techniques from computer science, our method presents a computational tool to compute exact accuracy guarantees and synthesize optimal algorithms that are often different from traditional ones. We also show that improvements can be gained with respect to the Qiskit transpiler as we compute the hardware-optimal qubit mapping for the GHZ state-preparation problem. https://research-explorer.ista.ac.at/download/19499/19524/2025_PNAS_Muroya.pdf application/pdfno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ National Academy of Sciences2025 eng 0027-8424 1091-6490 40106357 00145943560000110.1073/pnas.2419273122 12212 https://github.com/smml1996/algorithm_synthesis https://ista.ac.at/en/news/hardware-optimal-quantum-algorithms/ Muroya Lei S, Chatterjee K, Henzinger TA. Hardware-optimal quantum algorithms. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. 2025;122(12). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2419273122">10.1073/pnas.2419273122</a> Muroya Lei, Stefanie, Krishnendu Chatterjee, and Thomas A Henzinger. “Hardware-Optimal Quantum Algorithms.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2419273122">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2419273122</a>. Muroya Lei, S., Chatterjee, K., &#38; Henzinger, T. A. (2025). Hardware-optimal quantum algorithms. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2419273122">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2419273122</a> S. Muroya Lei, K. Chatterjee, T.A. Henzinger, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (2025). Muroya Lei S, Chatterjee K, Henzinger TA. 2025. Hardware-optimal quantum algorithms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 122(12), e2419273122. Muroya Lei, Stefanie, et al. “Hardware-Optimal Quantum Algorithms.” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, vol. 122, no. 12, e2419273122, National Academy of Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2419273122">10.1073/pnas.2419273122</a>. S. Muroya Lei, K. Chatterjee, and T. A. Henzinger, “Hardware-optimal quantum algorithms,” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, vol. 122, no. 12. National Academy of Sciences, 2025. 194992025-04-06T22:01:32Z2026-04-28T13:41:14Z