{"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"}],"publication_status":"submitted","corr_author":"1","status":"public","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"preprint","acknowledgement":"We would like to thank the members of the Sweeney Lab (especially Stavros Papadopoulos and\r\nSophie Gobeil) for their contributions to this project and, in addition to the lab, Graziana Gatto\r\nand Mario de Bono, for discussion, and support. We are also grateful to Tom Jessell and Chris\r\nKintner for their scientific insight and mentorship during the conception of this project. This\r\nproject would also not have been possible with the technical support of the Matthias Nowak,\r\nVerena Mayer and the Aquatics as well as the Imaging and Optics Facility support teams\r\n(ISTA). In addition, we thank our funding sources for providing the resources to do these\r\nexperiments: FTI Strategy Lower Austria Dissertation Grant Number FT121-D-046 (D.V.);\r\nHorizon Europe ERC Starting Grant Number 101041551 (L.B.S., F.A.T. and D.V); Special\r\nResearch Program (SFB) of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Project number F7814-B (L.B.S);\r\nNINDS 5R35NS116858 (J.S.D); CZI grant DAF2020-225401 (DOI): 10.37921/120055ratwvi\r\n(R.H.); NIH grant number R01NS123116 (J.B.B); American Lebanese Syrian Associated\r\nCharities (ALSAC) (J.B.B.); German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) IFI Grant Number\r\n57515251-91853472 (Z.H.); and Project A.L.S. (S.B-M.). ","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.20.614050","open_access":"1"}],"date_updated":"2025-05-14T11:40:13Z","_id":"19520","month":"09","date_published":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","project":[{"grant_number":"FTI21-D-046","_id":"bd73af52-d553-11ed-ba76-912049f0ac7a","name":"Development of V1 interneuron diversity during swim-to-walk transition of Xenopus metamorphosis"},{"grant_number":"101041551","_id":"ebb66355-77a9-11ec-83b8-b8ac210a4dae","name":"Development and Evolution of Tetrapod Motor Circuits"},{"name":"Tools for automation and feedback microscopy","grant_number":"CZI01","_id":"c08e9ad1-5a5b-11eb-8a69-9d1cf3b07473"}],"department":[{"_id":"LoSw"},{"_id":"TiVo"},{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"NiBa"}],"year":"2024","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","OA_place":"repository","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.20.614050","abstract":[{"text":"Vertebrates exhibit a wide range of motor behaviors, ranging from swimming to complex limb-based movements. Here we take advantage of frog metamorphosis, which captures a swim-to-limb-based movement transformation during the development of a single organism, to explore changes in the underlying spinal circuits. We find that the tadpole spinal cord contains small and largely homogeneous populations of motor neurons (MNs) and V1 interneurons (V1s) at early escape swimming stages. These neuronal populations only modestly increase in number and subtype heterogeneity with the emergence of free swimming. In contrast, during frog metamorphosis and the emergence of limb movement, there is a dramatic expansion of MN and V1 interneuron number and transcriptional heterogeneity, culminating in cohorts of neurons that exhibit striking molecular similarity to mammalian motor circuits. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption of the limb MN and V1 determinants FoxP1 and Engrailed-1, respectively, results in severe but selective deficits in tail and limb function. Our work thus demonstrates that neural diversity scales exponentially with increasing behavioral complexity and illustrates striking evolutionary conservation in the molecular organization and function of motor circuits across species.","lang":"eng"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"full_name":"Vijatovic, David","last_name":"Vijatovic","first_name":"David","id":"cf391e77-ec3c-11ea-a124-d69323410b58"},{"id":"2f73f876-f128-11eb-9611-b96b5a30cb0e","first_name":"Florina Alexandra ","last_name":"Toma","full_name":"Toma, Florina Alexandra "},{"id":"a8144562-32c9-11ee-b5ce-d9800628bda2","last_name":"Harrington","first_name":"Zoe P","orcid":"0009-0008-0158-4032","full_name":"Harrington, Zoe P"},{"id":"4DF26D8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Christoph M","last_name":"Sommer","orcid":"0000-0003-1216-9105","full_name":"Sommer, Christoph M"},{"id":"4E01D6B4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Hauschild","orcid":"0000-0001-9843-3522","full_name":"Hauschild, Robert"},{"full_name":"Trevisan, Alexandra J.","last_name":"Trevisan","first_name":"Alexandra J."},{"full_name":"Chapman, Phillip","first_name":"Phillip","last_name":"Chapman"},{"full_name":"Julseth, Mara","id":"1cf464b2-dc7d-11ea-9b2f-f9b1aa9417d1","first_name":"Mara","last_name":"Julseth"},{"full_name":"Brenner-Morton, Susan","first_name":"Susan","last_name":"Brenner-Morton"},{"first_name":"Mariano I.","last_name":"Gabitto","full_name":"Gabitto, Mariano I."},{"full_name":"Dasen, Jeremy S.","first_name":"Jeremy S.","last_name":"Dasen"},{"first_name":"Jay B.","last_name":"Bikoff","full_name":"Bikoff, Jay B."},{"full_name":"Sweeney, Lora Beatrice Jaeger","orcid":"0000-0001-9242-5601","last_name":"Sweeney","first_name":"Lora Beatrice Jaeger","id":"56BE8254-C4F0-11E9-8E45-0B23E6697425"}],"title":"Spinal neuron diversity scales exponentially with swim-to-limb transformation during frog metamorphosis","day":"27","oa_version":"Preprint","OA_type":"green","citation":{"apa":"Vijatovic, D., Toma, F. A., Harrington, Z. P., Sommer, C. M., Hauschild, R., Trevisan, A. J., … Sweeney, L. B. (n.d.). Spinal neuron diversity scales exponentially with swim-to-limb transformation during frog metamorphosis. <i>bioRxiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.20.614050\">https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.20.614050</a>","short":"D. Vijatovic, F.A. Toma, Z.P. Harrington, C.M. Sommer, R. Hauschild, A.J. Trevisan, P. Chapman, M. Julseth, S. Brenner-Morton, M.I. Gabitto, J.S. Dasen, J.B. Bikoff, L.B. Sweeney, BioRxiv (n.d.).","ista":"Vijatovic D, Toma FA, Harrington ZP, Sommer CM, Hauschild R, Trevisan AJ, Chapman P, Julseth M, Brenner-Morton S, Gabitto MI, Dasen JS, Bikoff JB, Sweeney LB. Spinal neuron diversity scales exponentially with swim-to-limb transformation during frog metamorphosis. bioRxiv, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.20.614050\">10.1101/2024.09.20.614050</a>.","ama":"Vijatovic D, Toma FA, Harrington ZP, et al. Spinal neuron diversity scales exponentially with swim-to-limb transformation during frog metamorphosis. <i>bioRxiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.20.614050\">10.1101/2024.09.20.614050</a>","chicago":"Vijatovic, David, Florina Alexandra  Toma, Zoe P Harrington, Christoph M Sommer, Robert Hauschild, Alexandra J. Trevisan, Phillip Chapman, et al. “Spinal Neuron Diversity Scales Exponentially with Swim-to-Limb Transformation during Frog Metamorphosis.” <i>BioRxiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.20.614050\">https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.20.614050</a>.","ieee":"D. Vijatovic <i>et al.</i>, “Spinal neuron diversity scales exponentially with swim-to-limb transformation during frog metamorphosis,” <i>bioRxiv</i>. .","mla":"Vijatovic, David, et al. “Spinal Neuron Diversity Scales Exponentially with Swim-to-Limb Transformation during Frog Metamorphosis.” <i>BioRxiv</i>, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.20.614050\">10.1101/2024.09.20.614050</a>."},"publication":"bioRxiv","date_created":"2025-04-07T08:48:28Z","oa":1}