---
APC_amount: 3036,92 EUR
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: hybrid
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '19597'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Superconductor–semiconductor hybrid systems play a crucial role in realizing
    nanoscale quantum devices, including hybrid qubits, Majorana bound states, and
    Kitaev chains. For such hybrid devices, subgap states play a prominent role in
    their operation. In this paper, we study these subgap states via Coulomb and tunneling
    spectroscopy through a superconducting island defined in a semiconductor nanowire
    fully coated by a superconductor. We systematically explore regimes ranging from
    an almost decoupled island to the open configuration. In the weak-coupling regime,
    the experimental observations are very similar in the absence of a magnetic field
    and when one flux quantum pierces the superconducting shell. Conversely, in the
    strong-coupling regime, significant distinctions emerge between the two cases.
    We attribute this distinct behavior to the existence of subgap states at one flux
    quantum, which become observable only for sufficiently strong coupling to the
    leads. We support our interpretation using a simple model to describe transport
    through the island. Our study highlights the importance of studying a broad range
    of tunnel couplings for understanding the rich physics of hybrid devices.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: M-Shop
- _id: NanoFab
acknowledgement: This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of ISTA,
  through resources provided by the MIBA Machine Shop and the Nanofabrication facility.
  This research and related results were made possible with the support of the FWF
  Project with DOI10.55776/F86. We acknowledge support from the European Research
  Council under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
  under Grant Agreement No. 856526, the Swedish Research Council under Grant Agreement
  No. 2020-03412, the Spanish Comunidad de Madrid (CM) “Talento Program” (Project
  No. 2022-T1/IND-24070), the Spanish Ministry of Science, innovation, and Universities
  through Grant PID2022-140552NA-I00 and NanoLund.
article_number: '023022'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Marco
  full_name: Valentini, Marco
  id: C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425
  last_name: Valentini
- first_name: Rubén Seoane
  full_name: Souto, Rubén Seoane
  last_name: Souto
- first_name: Maksim
  full_name: Borovkov, Maksim
  id: 1fd0975f-8b61-11ed-b69e-d149334f28c5
  last_name: Borovkov
- first_name: Peter
  full_name: Krogstrup, Peter
  last_name: Krogstrup
- first_name: Yigal
  full_name: Meir, Yigal
  last_name: Meir
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Leijnse, Martin
  last_name: Leijnse
- first_name: Jeroen
  full_name: Danon, Jeroen
  last_name: Danon
- first_name: Georgios
  full_name: Katsaros, Georgios
  id: 38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Katsaros
  orcid: 0000-0001-8342-202X
citation:
  ama: 'Valentini M, Souto RS, Borovkov M, et al. Subgap transport in superconductor-semiconductor
    hybrid islands: Weak and strong coupling regimes. <i>Physical Review Research</i>.
    2025;7(2). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023022">10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023022</a>'
  apa: 'Valentini, M., Souto, R. S., Borovkov, M., Krogstrup, P., Meir, Y., Leijnse,
    M., … Katsaros, G. (2025). Subgap transport in superconductor-semiconductor hybrid
    islands: Weak and strong coupling regimes. <i>Physical Review Research</i>. American
    Physical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023022">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023022</a>'
  chicago: 'Valentini, Marco, Rubén Seoane Souto, Maksim Borovkov, Peter Krogstrup,
    Yigal Meir, Martin Leijnse, Jeroen Danon, and Georgios Katsaros. “Subgap Transport
    in Superconductor-Semiconductor Hybrid Islands: Weak and Strong Coupling Regimes.”
    <i>Physical Review Research</i>. American Physical Society, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023022">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023022</a>.'
  ieee: 'M. Valentini <i>et al.</i>, “Subgap transport in superconductor-semiconductor
    hybrid islands: Weak and strong coupling regimes,” <i>Physical Review Research</i>,
    vol. 7, no. 2. American Physical Society, 2025.'
  ista: 'Valentini M, Souto RS, Borovkov M, Krogstrup P, Meir Y, Leijnse M, Danon
    J, Katsaros G. 2025. Subgap transport in superconductor-semiconductor hybrid islands:
    Weak and strong coupling regimes. Physical Review Research. 7(2), 023022.'
  mla: 'Valentini, Marco, et al. “Subgap Transport in Superconductor-Semiconductor
    Hybrid Islands: Weak and Strong Coupling Regimes.” <i>Physical Review Research</i>,
    vol. 7, no. 2, 023022, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023022">10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023022</a>.'
  short: M. Valentini, R.S. Souto, M. Borovkov, P. Krogstrup, Y. Meir, M. Leijnse,
    J. Danon, G. Katsaros, Physical Review Research 7 (2025).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2025-04-20T22:01:28Z
date_published: 2025-04-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-06-11T09:13:12Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: GeKa
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023022
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 535351066e9c900340ef014893a09ac8
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-04-22T09:00:08Z
  date_updated: 2025-04-22T09:00:08Z
  file_id: '19604'
  file_name: 2025_PhysReviewResearch_Valentini.pdf
  file_size: 1977581
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-04-22T09:00:08Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         7'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 34a66131-11ca-11ed-8bc3-a31681c6b03e
  grant_number: F8606
  name: 'Center for Correlated Quantum Materials and Solid State Quantum Systems:
    Conventional  and unconventional topological superconductors'
publication: Physical Review Research
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2643-1564
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Subgap transport in superconductor-semiconductor hybrid islands: Weak and
  strong coupling regimes'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 7
year: '2025'
...