{"acknowledgement":"We thank the anonymous referee for a careful reading of our manuscript and for comments that helped improve this Letter. This work is supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant No. 24KF0130. We acknowledge support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12073003, 12003003, 11721303, 11991052, 11950410493), and the China Manned Space Project (CMS-CSST-2021-A04 and CMS-CSST-2021-A06). L.C.H. is supported by the National Science Foundation of China (12233001), the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFF0503401). Z.H. acknowledges support by US NSF grant AST-2006176 and by NASA grant 80NSSC22K0822. Some of the numerical calculation and analysis were performed with the Cray XC50 at the Center for Computational Astrophysics (CfCA) of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and with the High-performance Computing Platform of Peking University.","quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"abstract":[{"text":"The James Webb Space Telescope has revealed low-luminosity active galactic nuclei at redshifts of z ≳ 4–7, many of which host accreting massive black holes (BHs) with BH-to-galaxy mass (MBH/M⋆) ratios exceeding the local values by more than an order of magnitude. The origin of these overmassive BHs remains unclear but requires potential contributions from heavy seeds and/or episodes of super-Eddington accretion. We present a growth model coupled with dark matter halo assembly to explore the evolution of the MBH/M⋆ ratio under different seeding and feedback scenarios. Given the gas inflow rates in protogalaxies, BHs grow episodically at moderate super-Eddington rates, and the mass ratio increases early on, despite significant mass loss through feedback. Regardless of seeding mechanisms, the mass ratio converges to a universal value ∼0.1–0.3, set by the balance between gas feeding and star formation efficiency in the nucleus. This behavior defines an attractor in the MBH–M⋆ diagram, where overmassive BHs grow more slowly than their hosts, while undermassive seeds experience rapid growth before aligning with the attractor. We derive an analytical expression for the universal mass ratio, linking it to feedback strength and halo growth. The convergence of evolutionary tracks erases seeding information from the mass ratio by z ∼ 4–6. Detecting BHs with ∼105−6 M⊙ at higher redshifts that deviate from the convergence trend would provide key diagnostics of their birth conditions.","lang":"eng"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Hu, Haojie","first_name":"Haojie","last_name":"Hu"},{"first_name":"Kohei","last_name":"Inayoshi","full_name":"Inayoshi, Kohei"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","first_name":"Zoltán","last_name":"Haiman"},{"full_name":"Ho, Luis C.","first_name":"Luis C.","last_name":"Ho"},{"last_name":"Ohsuga","first_name":"Ken","full_name":"Ohsuga, Ken"}],"type":"journal_article","oa_version":"Published Version","has_accepted_license":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"article_type":"letter_note","department":[{"_id":"ZoHa"}],"_id":"19638","OA_place":"publisher","arxiv":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"DOAJ_listed":"1","date_updated":"2025-05-05T11:32:20Z","status":"public","volume":983,"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","success":1,"date_created":"2025-05-05T11:30:34Z","file_name":"2025_AstrophysicalJourLetters_Hu.pdf","file_id":"19655","date_updated":"2025-05-05T11:30:34Z","checksum":"1a4fbeeb12e9022873e86c72d230a5ec","file_size":3334014,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"intvolume":"       983","scopus_import":"1","external_id":{"arxiv":["2503.03870"]},"year":"2025","date_created":"2025-05-04T22:02:31Z","OA_type":"gold","doi":"10.3847/2041-8213/adc680","article_processing_charge":"Yes","month":"04","issue":"2","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_status":"published","ddc":["520"],"publication":"Astrophysical Journal Letters","article_number":"L37","date_published":"2025-04-20T00:00:00Z","title":"The convergence of heavy and light seeds to overmassive black holes at cosmic dawn","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2041-8205"],"eissn":["2041-8213"]},"publisher":"IOP Publishing","file_date_updated":"2025-05-05T11:30:34Z","citation":{"ama":"Hu H, Inayoshi K, Haiman Z, Ho LC, Ohsuga K. The convergence of heavy and light seeds to overmassive black holes at cosmic dawn. <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 2025;983(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc680\">10.3847/2041-8213/adc680</a>","chicago":"Hu, Haojie, Kohei Inayoshi, Zoltán Haiman, Luis C. Ho, and Ken Ohsuga. “The Convergence of Heavy and Light Seeds to Overmassive Black Holes at Cosmic Dawn.” <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. IOP Publishing, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc680\">https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc680</a>.","ieee":"H. Hu, K. Inayoshi, Z. Haiman, L. C. Ho, and K. Ohsuga, “The convergence of heavy and light seeds to overmassive black holes at cosmic dawn,” <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>, vol. 983, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2025.","ista":"Hu H, Inayoshi K, Haiman Z, Ho LC, Ohsuga K. 2025. The convergence of heavy and light seeds to overmassive black holes at cosmic dawn. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 983(2), L37.","mla":"Hu, Haojie, et al. “The Convergence of Heavy and Light Seeds to Overmassive Black Holes at Cosmic Dawn.” <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>, vol. 983, no. 2, L37, IOP Publishing, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc680\">10.3847/2041-8213/adc680</a>.","apa":"Hu, H., Inayoshi, K., Haiman, Z., Ho, L. C., &#38; Ohsuga, K. (2025). The convergence of heavy and light seeds to overmassive black holes at cosmic dawn. <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc680\">https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc680</a>","short":"H. Hu, K. Inayoshi, Z. Haiman, L.C. Ho, K. Ohsuga, Astrophysical Journal Letters 983 (2025)."},"day":"20"}