---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: diamond
_id: '19841'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Context. The blue supergiant (BSG) domain contains a large variety of stars
    whose past and future evolutionary paths are still highly uncertain. Since binary
    interaction plays a crucial role in the fate of massive stars, investigating the
    multiplicity among BSGs helps shed light on the fate of such objects.\r\nAims.
    We aim to estimate the binary fraction of a large sample of BSGs in the Small
    Magellanic Cloud (SMC) within the Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) survey.
    In total, we selected 262 targets with spectral types B0-B3 and luminosity classes
    I-II.\r\n\r\nMethods. This work is based on spectroscopic data collected by the
    FLAMES instrument, mounted on the Very Large Telescope, which gathered nine epochs
    over three months. Our spectroscopic analysis for each target includes the individual
    and peak-to-peak radial velocity measurements, an investigation of the line profile
    variability, and a periodogram analysis to search for possible short- and long-period
    binaries.\r\n\r\nResults. By applying a 20 km s−1 threshold on the peak-to-peak
    radial velocities above which we would consider the star to be binary, the resulting
    observed spectroscopic binary fraction for our BSG sample is 23 ± 3%. An independent
    analysis of line profile variability reveals 11 (plus 5 candidates) double-lined
    spectroscopic binaries and 32 (plus 41 candidates) single-lined spectroscopic
    binaries. Based on these results, we estimated the overall observed binary fraction
    in this sample to be 34 ± 3%, which is close to the computed intrinsic binary
    fraction of 40 ± 4%. In addition, we derived reliable orbital periods for 41 spectroscopic
    binaries and potential binary candidates, among which there are 17 eclipsing binaries,
    including 20 SB1 and SB2 systems with periods of less than 10 days. We reported
    a significant drop in the binary fraction of BSGs with spectral types later than
    B2 and effective temperatures less than 18 kK, which could indicate the end of
    the main sequence phase in this temperature regime. We found no metallicity dependence
    in the binary fraction of BSGs, compared to existing spectroscopic surveys of
    the Galaxy and Large Magellanic Cloud."
acknowledgement: 'We thank the anonymous referee for helpful comments that have improved
  the manuscript. This project has received funding from the European Research Council
  (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
  (grant agreement 101164755/METAL) and was supported by the Israel Science Foundation
  (ISF) under grant number 2434/24. NB acknowledges support from the Belgian federal
  government grant for Ukrainian postdoctoral researchers (contract UF/2022/10). TS
  acknowledges support by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 0603225041.
  DP acknowledges financial support from the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt
  (DLR) grant FKZ 50OR2005 and the FWO junior postdoctoral fellowship No. 1256225N.
  DMB gratefully acknowledges UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) in the form of a Frontier
  Research grant under the UK government’s ERC Horizon Europe funding guarantee (SYMPHONY;
  PI Bowman; grant number: EP/Y031059/1), and a Royal Society University Research
  Fellowship (PI Bowman; grant number: URF\R1\231631). KS is funded by the National
  Science Center (NCN), Poland, under grant number OPUS 2021/41/B/ST9/00757. IM acknowledges
  support from the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Gravitational
  Wave Discovery (OzGav), through project number CE230100016. JIV acknowledges support
  from the European Research Council through ERC Advanced Grant No. 101054731. SS-D,
  and GH acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and
  Universities (MICIU) through the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through grants
  PID2021-122397NB-C21, and the Severo Ochoa Program 2020-2023 (CEX2019-000920-S).'
article_number: A40
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: N.
  full_name: Britavskiy, N.
  last_name: Britavskiy
- first_name: L.
  full_name: Mahy, L.
  last_name: Mahy
- first_name: D. J.
  full_name: Lennon, D. J.
  last_name: Lennon
- first_name: L. R.
  full_name: Patrick, L. R.
  last_name: Patrick
- first_name: H.
  full_name: Sana, H.
  last_name: Sana
- first_name: J. I.
  full_name: Villaseñor, J. I.
  last_name: Villaseñor
- first_name: T.
  full_name: Shenar, T.
  last_name: Shenar
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Bodensteiner, J.
  last_name: Bodensteiner
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Bernini-Peron, M.
  last_name: Bernini-Peron
- first_name: S. R.
  full_name: Berlanas, S. R.
  last_name: Berlanas
- first_name: D. M.
  full_name: Bowman, D. M.
  last_name: Bowman
- first_name: P. A.
  full_name: Crowther, P. A.
  last_name: Crowther
- first_name: S. E.
  full_name: De Mink, S. E.
  last_name: De Mink
- first_name: C. J.
  full_name: Evans, C. J.
  last_name: Evans
- first_name: Ylva Louise Linsdotter
  full_name: Götberg, Ylva Louise Linsdotter
  id: d0648d0c-0f64-11ee-a2e0-dd0faa2e4f7d
  last_name: Götberg
  orcid: 0000-0002-6960-6911
- first_name: G.
  full_name: Holgado, G.
  last_name: Holgado
- first_name: C.
  full_name: Johnston, C.
  last_name: Johnston
- first_name: Z.
  full_name: Keszthelyi, Z.
  last_name: Keszthelyi
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Klencki, J.
  last_name: Klencki
- first_name: N.
  full_name: Langer, N.
  last_name: Langer
- first_name: I.
  full_name: Mandel, I.
  last_name: Mandel
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Menon, A.
  last_name: Menon
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Moe, M.
  last_name: Moe
- first_name: L. M.
  full_name: Oskinova, L. M.
  last_name: Oskinova
- first_name: D.
  full_name: Pauli, D.
  last_name: Pauli
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Pawlak, M.
  last_name: Pawlak
- first_name: V.
  full_name: Ramachandran, V.
  last_name: Ramachandran
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Renzo, M.
  last_name: Renzo
- first_name: A. A.C.
  full_name: Sander, A. A.C.
  last_name: Sander
- first_name: F. R.N.
  full_name: Schneider, F. R.N.
  last_name: Schneider
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Schootemeijer, A.
  last_name: Schootemeijer
- first_name: K.
  full_name: Sen, K.
  last_name: Sen
- first_name: S.
  full_name: Simón-Díaz, S.
  last_name: Simón-Díaz
- first_name: J. T.
  full_name: Van Loon, J. T.
  last_name: Van Loon
- first_name: J. S.
  full_name: Vink, J. S.
  last_name: Vink
citation:
  ama: 'Britavskiy N, Mahy L, Lennon DJ, et al. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM):
    Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud. <i>Astronomy
    &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2025;698. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963">10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>'
  apa: 'Britavskiy, N., Mahy, L., Lennon, D. J., Patrick, L. R., Sana, H., Villaseñor,
    J. I., … Vink, J. S. (2025). Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity
    of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud. <i>Astronomy &#38;
    Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>'
  chicago: 'Britavskiy, N., L. Mahy, D. J. Lennon, L. R. Patrick, H. Sana, J. I. Villaseñor,
    T. Shenar, et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of Early
    B-Type Supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>.
    EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>.'
  ieee: 'N. Britavskiy <i>et al.</i>, “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity
    of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud,” <i>Astronomy &#38;
    Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698. EDP Sciences, 2025.'
  ista: 'Britavskiy N, Mahy L, Lennon DJ, Patrick LR, Sana H, Villaseñor JI, Shenar
    T, Bodensteiner J, Bernini-Peron M, Berlanas SR, Bowman DM, Crowther PA, De Mink
    SE, Evans CJ, Götberg YLL, Holgado G, Johnston C, Keszthelyi Z, Klencki J, Langer
    N, Mandel I, Menon A, Moe M, Oskinova LM, Pauli D, Pawlak M, Ramachandran V, Renzo
    M, Sander AAC, Schneider FRN, Schootemeijer A, Sen K, Simón-Díaz S, Van Loon JT,
    Vink JS. 2025. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type
    supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 698,
    A40.'
  mla: 'Britavskiy, N., et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity
    of Early B-Type Supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud.” <i>Astronomy &#38;
    Astrophysics</i>, vol. 698, A40, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452963">10.1051/0004-6361/202452963</a>.'
  short: N. Britavskiy, L. Mahy, D.J. Lennon, L.R. Patrick, H. Sana, J.I. Villaseñor,
    T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, M. Bernini-Peron, S.R. Berlanas, D.M. Bowman, P.A.
    Crowther, S.E. De Mink, C.J. Evans, Y.L.L. Götberg, G. Holgado, C. Johnston, Z.
    Keszthelyi, J. Klencki, N. Langer, I. Mandel, A. Menon, M. Moe, L.M. Oskinova,
    D. Pauli, M. Pawlak, V. Ramachandran, M. Renzo, A.A.C. Sander, F.R.N. Schneider,
    A. Schootemeijer, K. Sen, S. Simón-Díaz, J.T. Van Loon, J.S. Vink, Astronomy &#38;
    Astrophysics 698 (2025).
date_created: 2025-06-15T22:01:29Z
date_published: 2025-06-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-16T12:09:34Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
department:
- _id: YlGo
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202452963
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2502.12239'
  isi:
  - '001497903100019'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 53a9f290cb1f468895e0d4446e0020f0
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  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2025-06-25T08:38:02Z
  date_updated: 2025-06-25T08:38:02Z
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file_date_updated: 2025-06-25T08:38:02Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       698'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Astronomy & Astrophysics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1432-0746
  issn:
  - 0004-6361
publication_status: published
publisher: EDP Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants
  in the Small Magellanic Cloud'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 698
year: '2025'
...