article published yes Xiaohui Ju author Chuanrui Chen author Cagatay M. Oral author Semih Sevim author Ramin Golestanian author Mengmeng Sun author Negin Bouzari author Xiankun Lin author Mario Urso author Jong Seok Nam author Yujang Cho author Xia Peng author Fabian C. Landers author Shihao Yang author Azin Adibi author Nahid Taz author Raphael Wittkowski author Daniel Ahmed author Wei Wang author Veronika Magdanz author Mariana Medina-Sánchez author Maria Guix author Naimat Bari author Bahareh Behkam author Raymond Kapral author Yaxin Huang author Jinyao Tang author Ben Wang author Konstantin Morozov author Alexander Leshansky author Sarmad Ahmad Abbasi author Hongsoo Choi author Subhadip Ghosh author Bárbara Borges Fernandes author Giuseppe Battaglia author Peer Fischer author Ambarish Ghosh author Beatriz Jurado Sánchez author Alberto Escarpa author Quentin Martinet author b37485a8-d343-11eb-a0e9-df8c484ef8ab0000-0002-2916-6632 Jérémie A Palacci author 8fb92548-2b22-11eb-b7c1-a3f0d08d7c7d0000-0002-7253-9465 Eric Lauga author Jeffrey Moran author Miguel A. Ramos-Docampo author Brigitte Städler author Ramón Santiago Herrera Restrepo author Gilad Yossifon author James D. Nicholas author Jordi Ignés-Mullol author Josep Puigmartí-Luis author Yutong Liu author Lauren D. Zarzar author C. Wyatt Shields author Longqiu Li author Shanshan Li author Xing Ma author David H. Gracias author Orlin Velev author Samuel Sánchez author Maria Jose Esplandiu author Juliane Simmchen author Antonio Lobosco author Sarthak Misra author Zhiguang Wu author Jinxing Li author Alexander Kuhn author Amir Nourhani author Tijana Maric author Ze Xiong author Amirreza Aghakhani author Yongfeng Mei author Yingfeng Tu author Fei Peng author Eric Diller author Mahmut Selman Sakar author Ayusman Sen author Junhui Law author Yu Sun author Abdon Pena-Francesch author Katherine Villa author Huaizhi Li author Donglei Emma Fan author Kang Liang author Tony Jun Huang author Xiang-Zhong Chen author Songsong Tang author Xueji Zhang author Jizhai Cui author Hong Wang author Wei Gao author Vineeth Kumar Bandari author Oliver G. Schmidt author Xianghua Wu author Jianguo Guan author Metin Sitti author Bradley J. Nelson author Salvador Pané author Li Zhang author Hamed Shahsavan author Qiang He author Il-Doo Kim author Joseph Wang author Martin Pumera author JePa department VULCAN: matter, powered from within project nspired by Richard Feynman’s 1959 lecture and the 1966 film Fantastic Voyage, the field of micro/nanorobots has evolved from science fiction to reality, with significant advancements in biomedical and environmental applications. Despite the rapid progress, the deployment of functional micro/nanorobots remains limited. This review of the technology roadmap identifies key challenges hindering their widespread use, focusing on propulsion mechanisms, fundamental theoretical aspects, collective behavior, material design, and embodied intelligence. We explore the current state of micro/nanorobot technology, with an emphasis on applications in biomedicine, environmental remediation, analytical sensing, and other industrial technological aspects. Additionally, we analyze issues related to scaling up production, commercialization, and regulatory frameworks that are crucial for transitioning from research to practical applications. We also emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to address both technical and nontechnical challenges, such as sustainability, ethics, and business considerations. Finally, we propose a roadmap for future research to accelerate the development of micro/nanorobots, positioning them as essential tools for addressing grand challenges and enhancing the quality of life. https://research-explorer.ista.ac.at/download/19998/20901/2025_ACSNano_Ju.pdf application/pdfno American Chemical Society2025 eng 1936-0851 1936-086X 40577644 00151973140000110.1021/acsnano.5c03911 192724174-24334 X. Ju <i>et al.</i>, “Technology roadmap of micro/nanorobots,” <i>ACS Nano</i>, vol. 19, no. 27. American Chemical Society, pp. 24174–24334, 2025. Ju, X., Chen, C., Oral, C. M., Sevim, S., Golestanian, R., Sun, M., … Pumera, M. (2025). Technology roadmap of micro/nanorobots. <i>ACS Nano</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c03911">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c03911</a> Ju X et al. 2025. Technology roadmap of micro/nanorobots. ACS Nano. 19(27), 24174–24334. Ju, Xiaohui, Chuanrui Chen, Cagatay M. Oral, Semih Sevim, Ramin Golestanian, Mengmeng Sun, Negin Bouzari, et al. “Technology Roadmap of Micro/Nanorobots.” <i>ACS Nano</i>. American Chemical Society, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c03911">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c03911</a>. Ju, Xiaohui, et al. “Technology Roadmap of Micro/Nanorobots.” <i>ACS Nano</i>, vol. 19, no. 27, American Chemical Society, 2025, pp. 24174–334, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c03911">10.1021/acsnano.5c03911</a>. Ju X, Chen C, Oral CM, et al. Technology roadmap of micro/nanorobots. <i>ACS Nano</i>. 2025;19(27):24174-24334. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c03911">10.1021/acsnano.5c03911</a> X. Ju, C. Chen, C.M. Oral, S. Sevim, R. Golestanian, M. Sun, N. Bouzari, X. Lin, M. Urso, J.S. Nam, Y. Cho, X. Peng, F.C. Landers, S. Yang, A. Adibi, N. Taz, R. Wittkowski, D. Ahmed, W. Wang, V. Magdanz, M. Medina-Sánchez, M. Guix, N. Bari, B. Behkam, R. Kapral, Y. Huang, J. Tang, B. Wang, K. Morozov, A. Leshansky, S.A. Abbasi, H. Choi, S. Ghosh, B. Borges Fernandes, G. Battaglia, P. Fischer, A. Ghosh, B. Jurado Sánchez, A. Escarpa, Q. Martinet, J.A. Palacci, E. Lauga, J. Moran, M.A. Ramos-Docampo, B. Städler, R.S. Herrera Restrepo, G. Yossifon, J.D. Nicholas, J. Ignés-Mullol, J. Puigmartí-Luis, Y. Liu, L.D. Zarzar, C.W. Shields, L. Li, S. Li, X. Ma, D.H. Gracias, O. Velev, S. Sánchez, M.J. Esplandiu, J. Simmchen, A. Lobosco, S. Misra, Z. Wu, J. Li, A. Kuhn, A. Nourhani, T. Maric, Z. Xiong, A. Aghakhani, Y. Mei, Y. Tu, F. Peng, E. Diller, M.S. Sakar, A. Sen, J. Law, Y. Sun, A. Pena-Francesch, K. Villa, H. Li, D.E. Fan, K. Liang, T.J. Huang, X.-Z. Chen, S. Tang, X. Zhang, J. Cui, H. Wang, W. Gao, V. Kumar Bandari, O.G. Schmidt, X. Wu, J. Guan, M. Sitti, B.J. Nelson, S. Pané, L. Zhang, H. Shahsavan, Q. He, I.-D. Kim, J. Wang, M. Pumera, ACS Nano 19 (2025) 24174–24334. 199982025-07-10T14:53:27Z2025-12-30T09:07:44Z