---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - 'A fundamental question in biology is the following: what is the time scale that
    is needed for evolutionary innovations? There are many results that characterize
    single steps in terms of the fixation time of new mutants arising in populations
    of certain size and structure. But here we ask a different question, which is
    concerned with the much longer time scale of evolutionary trajectories: how long
    does it take for a population exploring a fitness landscape to find target sequences
    that encode new biological functions? Our key variable is the length, (Formula
    presented.) of the genetic sequence that undergoes adaptation. In computer science
    there is a crucial distinction between problems that require algorithms which
    take polynomial or exponential time. The latter are considered to be intractable.
    Here we develop a theoretical approach that allows us to estimate the time of
    evolution as function of (Formula presented.) We show that adaptation on many
    fitness landscapes takes time that is exponential in (Formula presented.) even
    if there are broad selection gradients and many targets uniformly distributed
    in sequence space. These negative results lead us to search for specific mechanisms
    that allow evolution to work on polynomial time scales. We study a regeneration
    process and show that it enables evolution to work in polynomial time.@eng'
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Krishnendu
      foaf_name: Chatterjee, Krishnendu
      foaf_surname: Chatterjee
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=2E5DCA20-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
    orcid: 0000-0002-4561-241X
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Andreas
      foaf_name: Pavlogiannis, Andreas
      foaf_surname: Pavlogiannis
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=49704004-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
    orcid: 0000-0002-8943-0722
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Ben
      foaf_name: Adlam, Ben
      foaf_surname: Adlam
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Martin
      foaf_name: Nowak, Martin
      foaf_surname: Nowak
  bibo_doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003818
  bibo_issue: '9'
  bibo_volume: 10
  dct_date: 2014^xs_gYear
  dct_identifier:
  - UT:000343011700018
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Public Library of Science@
  dct_title: The time scale of evolutionary innovation@
...