{"scopus_import":"1","status":"public","intvolume":"       112","type":"journal_article","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","OA_place":"repository","publication_status":"published","volume":112,"date_published":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"ZoHa"}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2504.19570"]},"oa":1,"publisher":"American Physical Society","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2025","arxiv":1,"publication":"Physical Review D","doi":"10.1103/5m1n-qh9v","_id":"20651","issue":"6","date_created":"2025-11-16T23:01:24Z","OA_type":"green","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2470-0010"],"eissn":["2470-0029"]},"citation":{"short":"L.Q. Xue, H. Tagawa, Z. Haiman, I. Bartos, Physical Review D 112 (2025).","mla":"Xue, Ling Qin, et al. “What Determines the Maximum Mass of AGN-Assisted Black Hole Mergers?” <i>Physical Review D</i>, vol. 112, no. 6, 063034, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/5m1n-qh9v\">10.1103/5m1n-qh9v</a>.","chicago":"Xue, Ling Qin, Hiromichi Tagawa, Zoltán Haiman, and Imre Bartos. “What Determines the Maximum Mass of AGN-Assisted Black Hole Mergers?” <i>Physical Review D</i>. American Physical Society, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/5m1n-qh9v\">https://doi.org/10.1103/5m1n-qh9v</a>.","apa":"Xue, L. Q., Tagawa, H., Haiman, Z., &#38; Bartos, I. (2025). What determines the maximum mass of AGN-assisted black hole mergers? <i>Physical Review D</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/5m1n-qh9v\">https://doi.org/10.1103/5m1n-qh9v</a>","ista":"Xue LQ, Tagawa H, Haiman Z, Bartos I. 2025. What determines the maximum mass of AGN-assisted black hole mergers? Physical Review D. 112(6), 063034.","ieee":"L. Q. Xue, H. Tagawa, Z. Haiman, and I. Bartos, “What determines the maximum mass of AGN-assisted black hole mergers?,” <i>Physical Review D</i>, vol. 112, no. 6. American Physical Society, 2025.","ama":"Xue LQ, Tagawa H, Haiman Z, Bartos I. What determines the maximum mass of AGN-assisted black hole mergers? <i>Physical Review D</i>. 2025;112(6). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/5m1n-qh9v\">10.1103/5m1n-qh9v</a>"},"author":[{"last_name":"Xue","full_name":"Xue, Ling Qin","first_name":"Ling Qin"},{"first_name":"Hiromichi","last_name":"Tagawa","full_name":"Tagawa, Hiromichi"},{"id":"7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36","last_name":"Haiman","full_name":"Haiman, Zoltán","orcid":"0000-0003-3633-5403","first_name":"Zoltán"},{"first_name":"Imre","last_name":"Bartos","full_name":"Bartos, Imre"}],"abstract":[{"text":"The origin of merging binary black holes detected through gravitational waves remains a fundamental question in astrophysics. While stellar evolution imposes an upper mass limit of ∼50⁢𝑀⊙ for black holes, some observed mergers—most notably GW190521—involve significantly more massive components, suggesting alternative formation channels. Here we investigate the maximum masses attainable by black hole mergers within active galactic nucleus (AGN) disks. Using a comprehensive semianalytic model incorporating 27 binary and environmental parameters, we explore the role of AGN disk conditions in shaping the upper end of the black hole mass spectrum. We find that an AGN disk lifetime is the dominant factor, with high-mass mergers (≳200⁢𝑀⊙) only possible if disks persist for ≳40  Myr. The joint electromagnetic observation of an AGN-assisted merger could therefore lead to a direct measurement of the age of an AGN disk.","lang":"eng"}],"title":"What determines the maximum mass of AGN-assisted black hole mergers?","month":"09","article_number":"063034","day":"18","oa_version":"Preprint","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.19570"}],"quality_controlled":"1","acknowledgement":"The authors are thankful for Yang Yang and Yue Yu for valuable discussions and assistance with the programming process. H. T. was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFC2203002). Z. H. is grateful for support from NASA under Grants No. 80NSSC22K0822 and No. 80NSSC24K0440. I. B. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-2309024.","article_type":"original","date_updated":"2025-11-24T13:29:57Z"}