{"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2331-7019"]},"quality_controlled":"1","intvolume":"        24","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers a theoretically secure method to share secret keys, yet practical implementations face challenges due to noise and loss over long-distance channels. Traditional QKD protocols require extensive noise compensation, hindering their industrial scalability and lowering the achievable key rates. Alternative protocols encode logical qubits in noise-resilient states but at the cost of using many physical qubits, increasing susceptibility to loss and limiting transmission distance. In this work, we introduce a logical-qubit encoding that uses antisymmetric Bell states in the continuous photonic degrees of freedom, frequency and time. By leveraging the continuous space, we overcome this noise-loss robustness trade-off by minimizing the number of photons per logical qubit while optimizing the encoding resilience over noise fluctuations. We analyze the security of our encoding and demonstrate its robustness compared to existing state-of-the-art protocols. This approach provides a path toward scalable, efficient QKD implementations under realistic noise conditions."}],"PlanS_conform":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"20797","title":"Surpassing the loss-noise robustness trade-off in quantum key distribution","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","article_number":"024072","publication_status":"published","publisher":"American Physical Society","oa":1,"doi":"10.1103/xq2l-r4r7","date_created":"2025-12-11T10:46:28Z","arxiv":1,"file":[{"checksum":"12ddb0414780f65b8e690fe0e6cfb95e","file_name":"2025_PhysReviewApplied_Seabrook.pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file","file_size":3028735,"date_updated":"2025-12-15T09:39:12Z","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2025-12-15T09:39:12Z","file_id":"20824","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"date_updated":"2025-12-15T09:40:58Z","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","has_accepted_license":"1","volume":24,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","day":"29","external_id":{"arxiv":["2412.08694"]},"publication":"Physical Review Applied","OA_place":"publisher","year":"2025","month":"08","acknowledgement":"We thank B. Baragiola, A. Boubriak, M. Clark, M. Jones, and P. Skrzypczyk for useful discussions. H.S. acknowledges financial support from EPSRC Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training Grant No. EP/SO23607/1. E.L. acknowledges support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Hub in Quantum Computing and Simulation (EP/T001062/1). T.S. acknowledges that they received no funding in support of this research. M.P.S. acknowledges support from the EPSRC Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training EP/SO23607/1 and the European Commission through Starting Grant No. ERC-2018-STG803665 (PEQEM). G.R. acknowledges support from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 through a Research Fellowship, from the European Commission through Starting Grant No. ERC-2018-STG803665 (PEQEM) and Advanced Grant No. ERC-2020-ADG101021085 (FLQuant), and from EPSRC through Standard Proposal Grant No. EP/X016218/1 (Mono-Squeeze).","author":[{"first_name":"Hannah","full_name":"Seabrook, Hannah","last_name":"Seabrook"},{"last_name":"Lavie","first_name":"Emilien","full_name":"Lavie, Emilien"},{"full_name":"Strömberg, Karl T","first_name":"Karl T","last_name":"Strömberg","id":"68011cd2-da32-11ee-a930-b2774c7aba5f"},{"full_name":"Stafford, Matthew P.","first_name":"Matthew P.","last_name":"Stafford"},{"full_name":"Rubino, Giulia","first_name":"Giulia","last_name":"Rubino"}],"citation":{"mla":"Seabrook, Hannah, et al. “Surpassing the Loss-Noise Robustness Trade-off in Quantum Key Distribution.” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, vol. 24, no. 2, 024072, American Physical Society, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/xq2l-r4r7\">10.1103/xq2l-r4r7</a>.","ieee":"H. Seabrook, E. Lavie, K. T. Strömberg, M. P. Stafford, and G. Rubino, “Surpassing the loss-noise robustness trade-off in quantum key distribution,” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, vol. 24, no. 2. American Physical Society, 2025.","ista":"Seabrook H, Lavie E, Strömberg KT, Stafford MP, Rubino G. 2025. Surpassing the loss-noise robustness trade-off in quantum key distribution. Physical Review Applied. 24(2), 024072.","ama":"Seabrook H, Lavie E, Strömberg KT, Stafford MP, Rubino G. Surpassing the loss-noise robustness trade-off in quantum key distribution. <i>Physical Review Applied</i>. 2025;24(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/xq2l-r4r7\">10.1103/xq2l-r4r7</a>","short":"H. Seabrook, E. Lavie, K.T. Strömberg, M.P. Stafford, G. Rubino, Physical Review Applied 24 (2025).","chicago":"Seabrook, Hannah, Emilien Lavie, Karl T Strömberg, Matthew P. Stafford, and Giulia Rubino. “Surpassing the Loss-Noise Robustness Trade-off in Quantum Key Distribution.” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>. American Physical Society, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/xq2l-r4r7\">https://doi.org/10.1103/xq2l-r4r7</a>.","apa":"Seabrook, H., Lavie, E., Strömberg, K. T., Stafford, M. P., &#38; Rubino, G. (2025). Surpassing the loss-noise robustness trade-off in quantum key distribution. <i>Physical Review Applied</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/xq2l-r4r7\">https://doi.org/10.1103/xq2l-r4r7</a>"},"file_date_updated":"2025-12-15T09:39:12Z","date_published":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","issue":"2","oa_version":"Published Version","department":[{"_id":"OnHo"}],"tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"ddc":["530"],"OA_type":"hybrid","article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","status":"public"}