{"PlanS_conform":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Identifying Lyman continuum (LyC) leakers at intermediate redshifts is crucial for understanding the properties of cosmic reionizers because the opacity of the intergalactic medium (IGM) prevents the direct detection of LyC emission from sources during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). In this study, we confirm two new LyC candidate leakers at z ∼ 3 in the Abell 2744 cluster field, with absolute escape fractions (fesc) of 0.83−0.80+0.15 and 0.74−0.70+0.23, respectively. The LyC emission was detected using HST/WFC3/F275W and F336W imaging. These two candidate leakers appear to be faint (MUV = −17.61 ± 0.06 and −18.22 ± 0.10), exhibit blue UV continuum slopes (β = −2.43 ± 0.05 and −1.92 ± 0.09), have low masses (M★ ∼ 107.51 ± 0.03 and 107.17 ± 0.15 M⊙) and Lyα equivalent widths of 90 ± 3 Å and 28 ± 12 Å, respectively. These two LyC candidate leakers were detected in a catalog of 91 spectroscopically confirmed sources using public spectra from the JWST and/or MUSE. We also analyzed properties that were proposed as indirect indicators of LyC emission, such as Lyα, the O32 ratio, and M★. We created a galaxy subsample that was selected according to these properties, stacked the LyC observations of this subsample, and assessed the limits of the escape fractions in the stacks. We aim to enhance our understanding of LyC escape mechanisms and improve our predictions of the LyC fesc during the EoR by analyzing the individual candidates and the stacks in the context of the currently limited sample of known LyC leakers at z ∼ 3."}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1432-0746"],"issn":["0004-6361"]},"quality_controlled":"1","intvolume":"       704","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"20932","title":"A Lyman continuum analysis of ∼100 galaxies at z spec∼ 3 in the Abell 2744 cluster field","DOAJ_listed":"1","publication_status":"published","article_number":"A328","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202556410","date_created":"2026-01-04T23:01:35Z","arxiv":1,"publisher":"EDP Sciences","oa":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","day":"01","external_id":{"arxiv":["2507.11045"]},"publication":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","file":[{"file_id":"20938","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2026-01-05T09:26:17Z","creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","file_size":4642530,"date_updated":"2026-01-05T09:26:17Z","file_name":"2025_AstronomyAstrophysics_Liu.pdf","success":1,"checksum":"3e6061f3c4bfb521b3333ea4913c241a"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","date_updated":"2026-01-05T09:34:30Z","volume":704,"month":"12","acknowledgement":"We acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation of China – 12225301, INAF Large grant “Spectroscopic survey with JWST” jand from PRIN 2022 MUR project 2022CB3PJ3 – First Light And Galaxy aSsembly (FLAGS) funded by the European Union – Next Generation EU, and Postgraduate Scholarship Program under the grant of China Scholarship Council. P.W. and B.V. acknowledge support from the INAF Mini Grant ‘1.05.24.07.01 RSN1: Spatially Resolved Near-IR Emission of Intermediate-Redshift Jellyfish Galaxies’ (PI Watson). We acknowledge A. Acebron, C. Grillo, and P. Rosati for their fundamental contribution to the strong lensing analysis and results. We also extend our gratitude to the JWST and HST teams for their efforts in designing, building, and operating these transformative missions.","author":[{"last_name":"Liu","full_name":"Liu, Y.","first_name":"Y."},{"full_name":"Mascia, Sara","first_name":"Sara","last_name":"Mascia","id":"edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29"},{"full_name":"Pentericci, L.","first_name":"L.","last_name":"Pentericci"},{"first_name":"P.","full_name":"Watson, P.","last_name":"Watson"},{"last_name":"Alavi","first_name":"A.","full_name":"Alavi, A."},{"full_name":"Bergamini, P.","first_name":"P.","last_name":"Bergamini"},{"full_name":"Bradač, M.","first_name":"M.","last_name":"Bradač"},{"full_name":"Calabrò, A.","first_name":"A.","last_name":"Calabrò"},{"full_name":"Glazebrook, K.","first_name":"K.","last_name":"Glazebrook"},{"last_name":"Henry","full_name":"Henry, A.","first_name":"A."},{"last_name":"Llerena","full_name":"Llerena, M.","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"E.","full_name":"Merlin, E.","last_name":"Merlin"},{"first_name":"B.","full_name":"Metha, B.","last_name":"Metha"},{"first_name":"T.","full_name":"Nanayakkara, T.","last_name":"Nanayakkara"},{"last_name":"Napolitano","first_name":"L.","full_name":"Napolitano, L."},{"first_name":"N.","full_name":"Roy, N.","last_name":"Roy"},{"full_name":"Siana, B.","first_name":"B.","last_name":"Siana"},{"first_name":"E.","full_name":"Vanzella, E.","last_name":"Vanzella"},{"last_name":"Vulcani","first_name":"B.","full_name":"Vulcani, B."},{"full_name":"Wang, X.","first_name":"X.","last_name":"Wang"}],"year":"2025","OA_place":"publisher","type":"journal_article","date_published":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"Published Version","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"department":[{"_id":"JoMa"}],"citation":{"ama":"Liu Y, Mascia S, Pentericci L, et al. A Lyman continuum analysis of ∼100 galaxies at z spec∼ 3 in the Abell 2744 cluster field. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. 2025;704. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556410\">10.1051/0004-6361/202556410</a>","short":"Y. Liu, S. Mascia, L. Pentericci, P. Watson, A. Alavi, P. Bergamini, M. Bradač, A. Calabrò, K. Glazebrook, A. Henry, M. Llerena, E. Merlin, B. Metha, T. Nanayakkara, L. Napolitano, N. Roy, B. Siana, E. Vanzella, B. Vulcani, X. Wang, Astronomy and Astrophysics 704 (2025).","chicago":"Liu, Y., Sara Mascia, L. Pentericci, P. Watson, A. Alavi, P. Bergamini, M. Bradač, et al. “A Lyman Continuum Analysis of ∼100 Galaxies at z Spec∼ 3 in the Abell 2744 Cluster Field.” <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556410\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556410</a>.","apa":"Liu, Y., Mascia, S., Pentericci, L., Watson, P., Alavi, A., Bergamini, P., … Wang, X. (2025). A Lyman continuum analysis of ∼100 galaxies at z spec∼ 3 in the Abell 2744 cluster field. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556410\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556410</a>","ista":"Liu Y, Mascia S, Pentericci L, Watson P, Alavi A, Bergamini P, Bradač M, Calabrò A, Glazebrook K, Henry A, Llerena M, Merlin E, Metha B, Nanayakkara T, Napolitano L, Roy N, Siana B, Vanzella E, Vulcani B, Wang X. 2025. A Lyman continuum analysis of ∼100 galaxies at z spec∼ 3 in the Abell 2744 cluster field. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 704, A328.","ieee":"Y. Liu <i>et al.</i>, “A Lyman continuum analysis of ∼100 galaxies at z spec∼ 3 in the Abell 2744 cluster field,” <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>, vol. 704. EDP Sciences, 2025.","mla":"Liu, Y., et al. “A Lyman Continuum Analysis of ∼100 Galaxies at z Spec∼ 3 in the Abell 2744 Cluster Field.” <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>, vol. 704, A328, EDP Sciences, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556410\">10.1051/0004-6361/202556410</a>."},"file_date_updated":"2026-01-05T09:26:17Z","status":"public","article_processing_charge":"No","ddc":["520"],"OA_type":"diamond"}