---
OA_place: repository
OA_type: green
_id: '21042'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Many blockchains such as Ethereum execute all incoming transactions sequentially
    significantly limiting the potential throughput. A common approach to scale execution
    is parallel execution engines that fully utilize modern multi-core architectures.
    Parallel execution is then either done optimistically, by executing transactions
    in parallel and detecting conflicts on the fly, or guided, by requiring exhaustive
    client transaction hints and scheduling transactions accordingly.\r\n\r\nHowever,
    recent studies have shown that the performance of parallel execution engines depends
    on the nature of the underlying workload. In fact, in some cases, only a 60% speed-up
    compared to sequential execution could be obtained. This is the case, as transactions
    that access the same resources must be executed sequentially. For example, if
    10% of the transactions in a block access the same resource, the execution cannot
    meaningfully scale beyond 10 cores. Therefore, a single popular application can
    bottleneck the execution and limit the potential throughput.\r\n\r\nIn this paper,
    we introduce Anthemius, a block construction algorithm that optimizes parallel
    transaction execution throughput. We evaluate Anthemius exhaustively under a range
    of workloads, and show that Anthemius enables the underlying parallel execution
    engine to process over twice as many transactions."
acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) SFB project
  SpyCoDe F8502 and the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF) project SCALE2 CT22-045.
alternative_title:
- LNCS
article_processing_charge: No
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Ray
  full_name: Neiheiser, Ray
  id: f09651b9-fec0-11ec-b5d8-934aff0e52a4
  last_name: Neiheiser
  orcid: 0000-0001-7227-8309
- first_name: Eleftherios
  full_name: Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios
  id: f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d30
  last_name: Kokoris Kogias
  orcid: 0000-0002-8827-3382
citation:
  ama: 'Neiheiser R, Kokoris Kogias E. Anthemius: Efficient and modular block assembly
    for concurrent execution. In: <i>29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography
    and Data Security</i>. Vol 15751. Springer Nature; 2026:307-323. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18">10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18</a>'
  apa: 'Neiheiser, R., &#38; Kokoris Kogias, E. (2026). Anthemius: Efficient and modular
    block assembly for concurrent execution. In <i>29th International Conference on
    Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i> (Vol. 15751, pp. 307–323). Miyakojima,
    Japan: Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18</a>'
  chicago: 'Neiheiser, Ray, and Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias. “Anthemius: Efficient
    and Modular Block Assembly for Concurrent Execution.” In <i>29th International
    Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, 15751:307–23. Springer
    Nature, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18</a>.'
  ieee: 'R. Neiheiser and E. Kokoris Kogias, “Anthemius: Efficient and modular block
    assembly for concurrent execution,” in <i>29th International Conference on Financial
    Cryptography and Data Security</i>, Miyakojima, Japan, 2026, vol. 15751, pp. 307–323.'
  ista: 'Neiheiser R, Kokoris Kogias E. 2026. Anthemius: Efficient and modular block
    assembly for concurrent execution. 29th International Conference on Financial
    Cryptography and Data Security. FC: Financial Cryptography and Data Security,
    LNCS, vol. 15751, 307–323.'
  mla: 'Neiheiser, Ray, and Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias. “Anthemius: Efficient and Modular
    Block Assembly for Concurrent Execution.” <i>29th International Conference on
    Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, vol. 15751, Springer Nature, 2026,
    pp. 307–23, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18">10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18</a>.'
  short: R. Neiheiser, E. Kokoris Kogias, in:, 29th International Conference on Financial
    Cryptography and Data Security, Springer Nature, 2026, pp. 307–323.
conference:
  end_date: 2025-04-18
  location: Miyakojima, Japan
  name: 'FC: Financial Cryptography and Data Security'
  start_date: 2025-04-14
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2026-01-25T23:01:40Z
date_published: 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-12T13:39:07Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: KrPi
doi: 10.1007/978-3-032-07024-1_18
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2502.10074'
intvolume: '     15751'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.10074
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 307-323
project:
- _id: 34a1b658-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c75229f0241e
  grant_number: F8502
  name: Interface Theory for Security and Privacy
- _id: 7bdd2f70-9f16-11ee-852c-b7950bc6d277
  grant_number: ICT22-045
  name: SeCure, privAte, and interoperabLe layEr 2
publication: 29th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1611-3349
  isbn:
  - '9783032070234'
  issn:
  - 0302-9743
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Anthemius: Efficient and modular block assembly for concurrent execution'
type: conference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 15751
year: '2026'
...