{"date_published":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","title":"Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective","external_id":{"arxiv":["2507.20711"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","month":"09","quality_controlled":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Filip","full_name":"Cano Cordoba, Filip","orcid":"0000-0002-0783-904X","last_name":"Cano Cordoba","id":"708cad98-e86a-11ef-8098-bdae2d7c6af1"},{"full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","orcid":"0000-0002-2985-7724","first_name":"Thomas A","last_name":"Henzinger","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8974-2542","full_name":"Kueffner, Konstantin","first_name":"Konstantin","last_name":"Kueffner","id":"8121a2d0-dc85-11ea-9058-af578f3b4515"}],"oa_version":"Preprint","ec_funded":1,"corr_author":"1","citation":{"ieee":"F. Cano Cordoba, T. A. Henzinger, and K. Kueffner, “Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective,” in <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, Graz, Austria, 2025, vol. 16087, pp. 1–21.","mla":"Cano Cordoba, Filip, et al. “Algorithmic Fairness: A Runtime Perspective.” <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, vol. 16087, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 1–21, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1\">10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1</a>.","ama":"Cano Cordoba F, Henzinger TA, Kueffner K. Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. In: <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>. Vol 16087. Springer Nature; 2025:1-21. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1\">10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1</a>","apa":"Cano Cordoba, F., Henzinger, T. A., &#38; Kueffner, K. (2025). Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. In <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i> (Vol. 16087, pp. 1–21). Graz, Austria: Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1</a>","short":"F. Cano Cordoba, T.A. Henzinger, K. Kueffner, in:, 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification, Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 1–21.","chicago":"Cano Cordoba, Filip, Thomas A Henzinger, and Konstantin Kueffner. “Algorithmic Fairness: A Runtime Perspective.” In <i>25th International Conference on Runtime Verification</i>, 16087:1–21. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1</a>.","ista":"Cano Cordoba F, Henzinger TA, Kueffner K. 2025. Algorithmic fairness: A runtime perspective. 25th International Conference on Runtime Verification. RV: Runtime Verification, LNCS, vol. 16087, 1–21."},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Fairness in AI is traditionally studied as a static property evaluated once, over a fixed dataset. However, real-world AI systems operate sequentially, with outcomes and environments evolving over time. This paper proposes a framework for analysing fairness as a runtime property. Using a minimal yet expressive model based on sequences of coin tosses with possibly evolving biases, we study the problems of monitoring and enforcing fairness expressed in either toss outcomes or coin biases. Since there is no one-size-fits-all solution for either problem, we provide a summary of monitoring and enforcement strategies, parametrised by environment dynamics, prediction horizon, and confidence thresholds. For both problems, we present general results under simple or minimal assumptions. We survey existing solutions for the monitoring problem for Markovian and additive dynamics, and existing solutions for the enforcement problem in static settings with known dynamics."}],"acknowledgement":"This work is supported by the European Research Council under Grant No.: ERC-2020-AdG 101020093.","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-05435-7_1","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","page":"1-21","publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["9783032054357"],"issn":["0302-9743"],"eissn":["1611-3349"]},"year":"2025","OA_type":"green","publication_status":"published","_id":"21090","date_created":"2026-01-29T16:01:41Z","publication":"25th International Conference on Runtime Verification","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.20711","open_access":"1"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","project":[{"name":"Vigilant Algorithmic Monitoring of Software","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"101020093","_id":"62781420-2b32-11ec-9570-8d9b63373d4d"}],"volume":16087,"date_updated":"2026-02-16T11:57:00Z","status":"public","conference":{"location":"Graz, Austria","name":"RV: Runtime Verification","end_date":"2025-09-19","start_date":"2025-09-15"},"OA_place":"repository","arxiv":1,"day":"13","department":[{"_id":"ToHe"}],"type":"conference","intvolume":"     16087","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"oa":1}