---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '21127'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "The early growth of black holes (BHs) in atomic-cooling haloes is likely
    influenced by feedback on the surrounding gas. While the effects of radiative
    feedback are well-documented, mechanical feedback, particularly from active galactic
    nucleus (AGN) jets, has been comparatively less explored. Building on our previous
    work that examined the growth of a 100 M BH in a constant density environment
    regulated by AGN jets, we expand the initial BH mass range from 1 to 104 M and
    adopt a more realistic density profile for atomic-cooling haloes. We reaffirm
    the validity of our analytic models for jet cocoon propagation and feedback regulation.
    We identify several critical radii – namely, the terminal radius of jet cocoon
    propagation, the isotropization radius of the jet cocoon, and the core radius
    of the atomic-cooling halo – that are crucial in determining BH growth given specific
    gas properties and jet feedback parameters. In a significant portion of the parameter
    space, our findings show that jet feedback substantially disrupts the halo’s core
    during the initial feedback episode, preventing BH growth beyond 104 M.\r\nConversely,
    conditions characterized by low jet velocities and high gas densities enable sustained
    BH growth over extended periods. We provide a prediction for the BH mass growth
    as a function of time and feedback parameters. We found that, to form a supermassive
    BH (> 106 M) within 1 Gyr entirely by accreting gas from an atomic-cooling halo,
    the jet energy feedback\r\nefficiency must be  10−4M˙ BHc2 even if the seed BH
    mass is 104 M."
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Kung-Yi
  full_name: Su, Kung-Yi
  last_name: Su
- first_name: Greg L
  full_name: Bryan, Greg L
  last_name: Bryan
- first_name: Zoltán
  full_name: Haiman, Zoltán
  id: 7c006e8c-cc0d-11ee-8322-cb904ef76f36
  last_name: Haiman
  orcid: 0000-0003-3633-5403
citation:
  ama: 'Su K-Y, Bryan GL, Haiman Z. Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion
    via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
    Society</i>. 2025;538(1):11-30. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228">10.1093/mnras/staf228</a>'
  apa: 'Su, K.-Y., Bryan, G. L., &#38; Haiman, Z. (2025). Self-regulation of high-redshift
    black hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation. <i>Monthly Notices
    of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228</a>'
  chicago: 'Su, Kung-Yi, Greg L Bryan, and Zoltán Haiman. “Self-Regulation of High-Redshift
    Black Hole Accretion via Jets: Challenges for SMBH Formation.” <i>Monthly Notices
    of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. Oxford University Press, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228</a>.'
  ieee: 'K.-Y. Su, G. L. Bryan, and Z. Haiman, “Self-regulation of high-redshift black
    hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation,” <i>Monthly Notices of
    the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, vol. 538, no. 1. Oxford University Press,
    pp. 11–30, 2025.'
  ista: 'Su K-Y, Bryan GL, Haiman Z. 2025. Self-regulation of high-redshift black
    hole accretion via jets: Challenges for SMBH formation. Monthly Notices of the
    Royal Astronomical Society. 538(1), 11–30.'
  mla: 'Su, Kung-Yi, et al. “Self-Regulation of High-Redshift Black Hole Accretion
    via Jets: Challenges for SMBH Formation.” <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
    Society</i>, vol. 538, no. 1, Oxford University Press, 2025, pp. 11–30, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228">10.1093/mnras/staf228</a>.'
  short: K.-Y. Su, G.L. Bryan, Z. Haiman, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
    Society 538 (2025) 11–30.
date_created: 2026-01-31T09:29:59Z
date_published: 2025-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-02-10T08:36:54Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '520'
doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf228
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2409.12250'
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       538'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf228
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 11-30
publication: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1365-2966
  issn:
  - 0035-8711
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Self-regulation of high-redshift black hole accretion via jets: Challenges
  for SMBH formation'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 538
year: '2025'
...