conference paper published yes Pasindu Tennage author Antoine Desjardins author 06d0c166-aec1-11ee-a7c0-b96e840a602b Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias author f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d300000-0002-8827-3382 ElKo department CLOUD: Conference on Cloud Computing Widely deployed consensus protocols in the cloud are often leader-based and optimized for low latency under synchronous network conditions. However, cloud networks can experience disruptions such as network partitions, high-loss links, and configuration errors. These disruptions interfere with the operation of leader-based protocols, as their view change mechanisms interrupt the normal case replication and cause the system to stall. We propose RACS, a novel randomized consensus protocol that ensures robustness against adversarial network conditions. RACS achieves optimal one-round trip latency under synchronous network conditions while remaining resilient to adversarial network conditions. RACS follows a simple design inspired by Raft, the most widely used consensus protocol in the cloud, and therefore enables seamless integration with the existing cloud software stack. Experiments with a prototype running on Amazon EC2 show that RACS achieves 28k cmd/sec throughput, ninefold higher than Raft under adversarial cloud network conditions. Under synchronous network conditions, RACS matches the performance of Multi-Paxos and Raft, achieving a throughput of 200k cmd/sec with a median latency of 300ms, confirming that RACS introduces no unnecessary overhead. Finally, SADL-RACS, a throughput-optimized version of RACS, achieves a throughput of 500k cmd/sec, delivering 150 percent higher throughput than Raft. IEEE2025Helsinki, Finland eng 2404.0418310.1109/cloud67622.2025.00044 Tennage P, Desjardins A, Kokoris Kogias E. RACS-SADL: Robust and understandable randomized consensus in the cloud. In: <i>2025 IEEE 18th International Conference on Cloud Computing</i>. IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/cloud67622.2025.00044">10.1109/cloud67622.2025.00044</a> Tennage, Pasindu, et al. “RACS-SADL: Robust and Understandable Randomized Consensus in the Cloud.” <i>2025 IEEE 18th International Conference on Cloud Computing</i>, IEEE, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/cloud67622.2025.00044">10.1109/cloud67622.2025.00044</a>. P. Tennage, A. Desjardins, and E. Kokoris Kogias, “RACS-SADL: Robust and understandable randomized consensus in the cloud,” in <i>2025 IEEE 18th International Conference on Cloud Computing</i>, Helsinki, Finland, 2025. Tennage, P., Desjardins, A., &#38; Kokoris Kogias, E. (2025). RACS-SADL: Robust and understandable randomized consensus in the cloud. In <i>2025 IEEE 18th International Conference on Cloud Computing</i>. Helsinki, Finland: IEEE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/cloud67622.2025.00044">https://doi.org/10.1109/cloud67622.2025.00044</a> Tennage P, Desjardins A, Kokoris Kogias E. 2025. RACS-SADL: Robust and understandable randomized consensus in the cloud. 2025 IEEE 18th International Conference on Cloud Computing. CLOUD: Conference on Cloud Computing. P. Tennage, A. Desjardins, E. Kokoris Kogias, in:, 2025 IEEE 18th International Conference on Cloud Computing, IEEE, 2025. Tennage, Pasindu, Antoine Desjardins, and Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias. “RACS-SADL: Robust and Understandable Randomized Consensus in the Cloud.” In <i>2025 IEEE 18th International Conference on Cloud Computing</i>. IEEE, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/cloud67622.2025.00044">https://doi.org/10.1109/cloud67622.2025.00044</a>. 212432026-02-16T15:21:27Z2026-05-05T11:52:57Z