{"oa":1,"department":[{"_id":"JoMa"},{"_id":"GradSch"}],"type":"journal_article","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","intvolume":"       707","day":"01","OA_place":"publisher","arxiv":1,"project":[{"_id":"bd9b2118-d553-11ed-ba76-db24564edfea","grant_number":"101076224","name":"Young galaxies as tracers and agents of cosmic reionization"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","date_updated":"2026-03-16T10:52:44Z","volume":707,"status":"public","scopus_import":"1","publisher":"EDP Sciences","PlanS_conform":"1","publication":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","file":[{"file_name":"2026_AstronomyAstrophysics_DiCesare.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2026-03-16T10:48:07Z","file_id":"21459","relation":"main_file","success":1,"checksum":"c056b00ce7324849754521fde10fb7ca","date_created":"2026-03-16T10:48:07Z","creator":"dernst","access_level":"open_access","file_size":1821411}],"_id":"21452","date_created":"2026-03-15T23:01:36Z","publication_status":"published","OA_type":"diamond","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"acknowledgement":"We thank the anonymous referee for the insightful comments that helped improving the manuscript. We thank Romain. A. Meyer for valuable discussion, Pierluigi Rinaldi for his help with data handling and Luca Graziani and William McClymont for providing the dustyGadget and\r\nTHESAN-ZOOM data, respectively. Funded by the European Union (ERC, AGENTS, 101076224). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with program # 3516. We acknowledge funding from JWST program GO-3516. Software used in developing this work includes: matplotlib (Hunter 2007), numpy (Oliphant 2007), scipy (Virtanen et al. 2020), TOPCAT (Taylor 2005), and Astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2013).","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202557790","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","year":"2026","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1432-0746"],"issn":["0004-6361"]},"abstract":[{"text":"Galaxies exhibit a tight correlation between their star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass over a wide redshift range known as the star-forming main sequence (SFMS). With JWST, the SFMS can now be investigated at high redshifts down to masses of ∼106 M⊙, using sensitive star formation rate tracers such as the Hα emission, which allow us to probe the variability in the star formation histories. We present inferences of the SFMS based on 316 Hα-selected galaxies at z ∼ 4 − 5 with log(M★/M⊙) = 6.4 − 10.6. These galaxies were identified behind the Abell 2744 lensing cluster with NIRCam grism spectroscopy from the survey All the Little Things (ALT). At face value, our data suggest a shallow slope in the SFMS (SFR ∝ M★α, with α = 0.45). After we corrected this for the Hα-flux limited nature of our survey using a Bayesian framework, the slope steepened to α = 0.59+0.10−0.09, whereas current data on their own are inconclusive on the mass dependence of the scatter. These slopes differ significantly from the slope of ∼1 that is expected from the observed evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function and from simulations. When we fixed the slope to α = 1, we found evidence for a decreasing intrinsic scatter with stellar mass (from ∼0.5 dex at M★ = 108 M⊙ to 0.4 dex at M★ = 1010 M⊙). This difference might be explained by a (combination of) luminosity-dependent SFR(Hα) calibration, a population of (mini)-quenched low-mass galaxies, or underestimated dust attenuation in high-mass galaxies. Future deep observations with different facilities can quantify these processes, which will enable us to achieve better insights into the variability of the star formation histories.","lang":"eng"}],"DOAJ_listed":"1","ddc":["520"],"citation":{"ista":"Di Cesare C, Matthee JJ, Naidu RP, Torralba A, Kotiwale G, Kramarenko I, Blaizot J, Rosdahl J, Leja J, Iani E, Adamo A, Covelo-Paz A, Furtak LJ, Heintz KE, Mascia S, Navarrete B, Oesch PA, Romano M, Shivaei I, Tacchella S. 2026. The slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations. Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics. 707, A129.","chicago":"Di Cesare, Claudia, Jorryt J Matthee, Rohan P. Naidu, Alberto Torralba, Gauri Kotiwale, Ivan Kramarenko, Jeremy Blaizot, et al. “The Slope and Scatter of the Star-Forming Main Sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling Observations with Simulations.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790</a>.","short":"C. Di Cesare, J.J. Matthee, R.P. Naidu, A. Torralba, G. Kotiwale, I. Kramarenko, J. Blaizot, J. Rosdahl, J. Leja, E. Iani, A. Adamo, A. Covelo-Paz, L.J. Furtak, K.E. Heintz, S. Mascia, B. Navarrete, P.A. Oesch, M. Romano, I. Shivaei, S. Tacchella, Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics 707 (2026).","apa":"Di Cesare, C., Matthee, J. J., Naidu, R. P., Torralba, A., Kotiwale, G., Kramarenko, I., … Tacchella, S. (2026). The slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. EDP Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790\">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790</a>","mla":"Di Cesare, Claudia, et al. “The Slope and Scatter of the Star-Forming Main Sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling Observations with Simulations.” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 707, A129, EDP Sciences, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790\">10.1051/0004-6361/202557790</a>.","ieee":"C. Di Cesare <i>et al.</i>, “The slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations,” <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>, vol. 707. EDP Sciences, 2026.","ama":"Di Cesare C, Matthee JJ, Naidu RP, et al. The slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations. <i>Astronomy &#38; Astrophysics</i>. 2026;707. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557790\">10.1051/0004-6361/202557790</a>"},"file_date_updated":"2026-03-16T10:48:07Z","quality_controlled":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","author":[{"id":"2d002343-372f-11ef-98ec-a164d20427cb","last_name":"Di Cesare","first_name":"Claudia","full_name":"Di Cesare, Claudia"},{"full_name":"Matthee, Jorryt J","orcid":"0000-0003-2871-127X","first_name":"Jorryt J","last_name":"Matthee","id":"7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720"},{"full_name":"Naidu, Rohan P.","first_name":"Rohan P.","last_name":"Naidu"},{"full_name":"Torralba, Alberto","first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Torralba"},{"first_name":"Gauri","full_name":"Kotiwale, Gauri","last_name":"Kotiwale","id":"1438afc8-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-cd4a75d66875"},{"full_name":"Kramarenko, Ivan","orcid":"0000-0001-5346-6048","first_name":"Ivan","last_name":"Kramarenko","id":"9a9394cb-3200-11ee-973b-f5ba2a8b16e4"},{"last_name":"Blaizot","first_name":"Jeremy","full_name":"Blaizot, Jeremy"},{"full_name":"Rosdahl, Joakim","first_name":"Joakim","last_name":"Rosdahl"},{"last_name":"Leja","full_name":"Leja, Joel","first_name":"Joel"},{"first_name":"Edoardo","orcid":"0000-0001-8386-3546","full_name":"Iani, Edoardo","last_name":"Iani","id":"4053390a-6b68-11ef-9828-a3b8adef8d0a"},{"first_name":"Angela","full_name":"Adamo, Angela","last_name":"Adamo"},{"full_name":"Covelo-Paz, Alba","first_name":"Alba","last_name":"Covelo-Paz"},{"last_name":"Furtak","first_name":"Lukas J.","full_name":"Furtak, Lukas J."},{"last_name":"Heintz","first_name":"Kasper E.","full_name":"Heintz, Kasper E."},{"id":"edaf889c-c7cd-11ef-ab1b-bb28c431bd29","last_name":"Mascia","full_name":"Mascia, Sara","first_name":"Sara"},{"last_name":"Navarrete","id":"aa14a535-50c9-11ef-b52e-e0c373d10148","first_name":"Benjamín","full_name":"Navarrete, Benjamín"},{"last_name":"Oesch","first_name":"Pascal A.","full_name":"Oesch, Pascal A."},{"first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Romano, Michael","last_name":"Romano"},{"last_name":"Shivaei","first_name":"Irene","full_name":"Shivaei, Irene"},{"first_name":"Sandro","full_name":"Tacchella, Sandro","last_name":"Tacchella"}],"month":"03","corr_author":"1","date_published":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","article_number":"A129","title":"The slope and scatter of the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 5: Reconciling observations with simulations","external_id":{"arxiv":["2510.19044"]}}