Transcending shift-invariance in the paraxial regime via end-to-end inverse design of freeform nanophotonics

article Transcending shift-invariance in the paraxial regime via end-to-end inverse design of freeform nanophotonics published yes William F. Li author Gaurav Arya author Charles Roques-Carmes author e2e68fc9-6505-11ef-a541-eb4e72cc3e82 Zin Lin author Steven G. Johnson author Marin Soljačić author Traditional optical elements and conventional metasurfaces obey shift-invariance in the paraxial regime. For imaging systems obeying paraxial shift-invariance, a small shift in input angle causes a corresponding shift in the sensor image. Shift-invariance has deep implications for the design and functionality of optical devices, such as the necessity of free space between components (as in compound objectives made of several curved surfaces). We present a method for nanophotonic inverse design of compact imaging systems whose resolution is not constrained by paraxial shift-invariance. Our method is end-to-end, in that it integrates density-based full-Maxwell topology optimization with a fully iterative elastic-net reconstruction algorithm. By the design of nanophotonic structures that scatter light in a non-shift-invariant manner, our optimized nanophotonic imaging system overcomes the limitations of paraxial shift-invariance, achieving accurate, noise-robust image reconstruction beyond shift-invariant resolution. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Optica Publishing Group2023 eng Optics Express 1094-4087 2302.01712 3747525710.1364/oe.492553 311524260-24272 yes Li, William F., et al. “Transcending Shift-Invariance in the Paraxial Regime via End-to-End Inverse Design of Freeform Nanophotonics.” Optics Express, vol. 31, no. 15, Optica Publishing Group, 2023, pp. 24260–72, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492553">10.1364/oe.492553</a>. W.F. Li, G. Arya, C. Roques-Carmes, Z. Lin, S.G. Johnson, M. Soljačić, Optics Express 31 (2023) 24260–24272. Li, William F., Gaurav Arya, Charles Roques-Carmes, Zin Lin, Steven G. Johnson, and Marin Soljačić. “Transcending Shift-Invariance in the Paraxial Regime via End-to-End Inverse Design of Freeform Nanophotonics.” Optics Express. Optica Publishing Group, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492553">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492553</a>. Li WF, Arya G, Roques-Carmes C, Lin Z, Johnson SG, Soljačić M. Transcending shift-invariance in the paraxial regime via end-to-end inverse design of freeform nanophotonics. Optics Express. 2023;31(15):24260-24272. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492553">10.1364/oe.492553</a> Li, W. F., Arya, G., Roques-Carmes, C., Lin, Z., Johnson, S. G., & Soljačić, M. (2023). Transcending shift-invariance in the paraxial regime via end-to-end inverse design of freeform nanophotonics. Optics Express. Optica Publishing Group. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492553">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492553</a> Li WF, Arya G, Roques-Carmes C, Lin Z, Johnson SG, Soljačić M. 2023. Transcending shift-invariance in the paraxial regime via end-to-end inverse design of freeform nanophotonics. Optics Express. 31(15), 24260–24272. W. F. Li, G. Arya, C. Roques-Carmes, Z. Lin, S. G. Johnson, and M. Soljačić, “Transcending shift-invariance in the paraxial regime via end-to-end inverse design of freeform nanophotonics,” Optics Express, vol. 31, no. 15. Optica Publishing Group, pp. 24260–24272, 2023. 216392026-03-30T12:22:48Z2026-04-27T07:32:36Z