---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - We compare three global kilometer-scale models (ICON, IFS and NICAM) to clarify
    the advantages and challenges of high-resolution global weather and climate modeling,
    using different approaches to represent convection, from fully parameterized to
    fully explicit. Our analysis focuses on tropical precipitation characteristics
    spanning a wide range of spatio-temporal scales—including the diurnal cycle, extreme
    precipitation, convective organization, and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)—along
    with interactions between convection and the thermodynamic environment. All three
    models commonly show weaker convective organization with smaller precipitation
    cells than observed, though the strength of the bias varies by model. This diversity
    is introduced by differences in the representation of (a) convective initiation
    affected by the convective sensitivity to moisture and (b) tropospheric moistening
    associated with deep convection. Models with stronger thermodynamic-convection
    coupling increase environmental moisture near convection, thereby enhancing convective
    organization. This has important upscale effects on the MJO; while IFS and NICAM
    capture its eastward propagation well, ICON has difficulty reproducing it. The
    amplitudes and phases of precipitation diurnal cycles over land show much greater
    disagreement among the models than over ocean, influenced by how convection is
    initiated. Biases in rain evaporation and cold pool formation hinder the propagation
    of mesoscale convection, leading to errors such as the misrepresentation of nocturnal
    convection moving off the coast of Sumatra in IFS and ICON. These results highlight
    the importance of thermodynamic-convection coupling in realistically simulating
    tropical convection across scales. To improve this coupling, kilometer-scale models
    require better representation of the interaction between resolved convection and
    three-dimensional turbulent mixing.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Daisuke
      foaf_name: Takasuka, Daisuke
      foaf_surname: Takasuka
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Tobias
      foaf_name: Becker, Tobias
      foaf_surname: Becker
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Jiawei
      foaf_name: Bao, Jiawei
      foaf_surname: Bao
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=bb9a7399-fefd-11ed-be3c-ae648fd1d160
  bibo_doi: 10.1029/2025MS005343
  bibo_issue: '3'
  bibo_volume: 18
  dct_date: 2026^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/1942-2466
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Wiley@
  dct_title: Precipitation characteristics and thermodynamic-convection coupling in
    global kilometer-scale simulations@
...