[{"OA_place":"publisher","external_id":{"pmid":["41964955 "]},"DOAJ_listed":"1","author":[{"full_name":"Vijatovic, David","id":"cf391e77-ec3c-11ea-a124-d69323410b58","last_name":"Vijatovic","first_name":"David"},{"last_name":"Toma","first_name":"Florina Alexandra ","id":"2f73f876-f128-11eb-9611-b96b5a30cb0e","full_name":"Toma, Florina Alexandra "},{"last_name":"Ignatyev","first_name":"Y","full_name":"Ignatyev, Y"},{"id":"a8144562-32c9-11ee-b5ce-d9800628bda2","full_name":"Harrington, Zoe P","orcid":"0009-0008-0158-4032","last_name":"Harrington","first_name":"Zoe P"},{"last_name":"Sommer","first_name":"Christoph M","id":"4DF26D8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1216-9105","full_name":"Sommer, Christoph M"},{"full_name":"Hauschild, Robert","id":"4E01D6B4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-9843-3522","first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Hauschild"},{"first_name":"Matthijs Geert","last_name":"Smits","id":"7a231d52-e216-11ee-a0bb-8acd55f8f1f0","full_name":"Smits, Matthijs Geert"},{"id":"02a7a869-ff06-11ed-a87f-86649d6077e5","full_name":"Dalla Vecchia, Marco","last_name":"Dalla Vecchia","first_name":"Marco"},{"full_name":"Trevisan, Alexandra J.","last_name":"Trevisan","first_name":"Alexandra J."},{"first_name":"Phillip","last_name":"Chapman","full_name":"Chapman, Phillip"},{"last_name":"Julseth","first_name":"Mara","full_name":"Julseth, Mara","id":"1cf464b2-dc7d-11ea-9b2f-f9b1aa9417d1"},{"last_name":"Brenner-Morton","first_name":"Susan","full_name":"Brenner-Morton, Susan"},{"first_name":"Mariano I.","last_name":"Gabitto","full_name":"Gabitto, Mariano I."},{"full_name":"Dasen, Jeremy S.","first_name":"Jeremy S.","last_name":"Dasen"},{"full_name":"Bikoff, Jay B.","first_name":"Jay B.","last_name":"Bikoff"},{"id":"56BE8254-C4F0-11E9-8E45-0B23E6697425","orcid":"0000-0001-9242-5601","full_name":"Sweeney, Lora Beatrice Jaeger","last_name":"Sweeney","first_name":"Lora Beatrice Jaeger"}],"pmid":1,"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"Published Version","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"dernst","file_id":"21795","date_updated":"2026-05-04T12:20:10Z","file_name":"2026_CellReports_Vijatovic.pdf","success":1,"checksum":"0d26cdb5b8d8dec3a911d8261a65cdef","file_size":14925958,"access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2026-05-04T12:20:10Z"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","acknowledgement":"We would like to thank the members of the Sweeney Lab, Mario de Bono, Michael Forsthofer, Katharina Lust, and Meital Oren, for comments on the manuscript. We are also grateful to Tom Jessell and Chris Kintner for their scientific insight and mentorship during the conception of this project. It would also have not been possible without the technical support of the Aquatics and Imaging and Optics Facility support teams (ISTA). We thank Martin Estermann for preparing the initial draft of the graphical abstract and Niki Barolini for the final version. In addition, we thank our funding sources for providing the resources to do these experiments: GFF NÖ FTI Strategy Lower Austria dissertation grant FT121-D-046 (to D.V.), Horizon Europe ERC starting grant 101041551 (to Y.I., L.B.S., F.A.T., and D.V.), Special Research Program (SFB) of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project F7814-B (to L.B.S.), Austrian Science Fund (FWF) 10.55776/COE16 (to Y.I. and L.B.S.), NINDS 5R35NS116858 (to J.S.D.), CZI grant DAF2020-225401 (DOI) 10.37921/120055ratwvi (to R.H.), NIH grant R01NS123116 (to J.B.B.), American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC) (to J.B.B.), German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) IFI grant 57515251-91853472 (to Z.H.), and Project A.L.S. (to S.B.-M.).","department":[{"_id":"LoSw"},{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"TiVo"},{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"NiBa"}],"date_created":"2026-04-19T22:07:43Z","citation":{"ieee":"D. Vijatovic <i>et al.</i>, “Multifold increase in spinal inhibitory cell types with emergence of limb movement,” <i>Cell Reports</i>, vol. 45, no. 4. Elsevier, 2026.","ama":"Vijatovic D, Toma FA, Ignatyev Y, et al. Multifold increase in spinal inhibitory cell types with emergence of limb movement. <i>Cell Reports</i>. 2026;45(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227\">10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227</a>","apa":"Vijatovic, D., Toma, F. A., Ignatyev, Y., Harrington, Z. P., Sommer, C. M., Hauschild, R., … Sweeney, L. B. (2026). Multifold increase in spinal inhibitory cell types with emergence of limb movement. <i>Cell Reports</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227</a>","chicago":"Vijatovic, David, Florina Alexandra  Toma, Y Ignatyev, Zoe P Harrington, Christoph M Sommer, Robert Hauschild, Matthijs Geert Smits, et al. “Multifold Increase in Spinal Inhibitory Cell Types with Emergence of Limb Movement.” <i>Cell Reports</i>. Elsevier, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227</a>.","ista":"Vijatovic D, Toma FA, Ignatyev Y, Harrington ZP, Sommer CM, Hauschild R, Smits MG, Dalla Vecchia M, Trevisan AJ, Chapman P, Julseth M, Brenner-Morton S, Gabitto MI, Dasen JS, Bikoff JB, Sweeney LB. 2026. Multifold increase in spinal inhibitory cell types with emergence of limb movement. Cell Reports. 45(4), 117227.","mla":"Vijatovic, David, et al. “Multifold Increase in Spinal Inhibitory Cell Types with Emergence of Limb Movement.” <i>Cell Reports</i>, vol. 45, no. 4, 117227, Elsevier, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227\">10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227</a>.","short":"D. Vijatovic, F.A. Toma, Y. Ignatyev, Z.P. Harrington, C.M. Sommer, R. Hauschild, M.G. Smits, M. Dalla Vecchia, A.J. Trevisan, P. Chapman, M. Julseth, S. Brenner-Morton, M.I. Gabitto, J.S. Dasen, J.B. Bikoff, L.B. Sweeney, Cell Reports 45 (2026)."},"publisher":"Elsevier","month":"04","status":"public","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"project":[{"name":"Development and Evolution of Tetrapod Motor Circuits","_id":"ebb66355-77a9-11ec-83b8-b8ac210a4dae","grant_number":"101041551"},{"grant_number":"F7814","_id":"8da85f50-16d5-11f0-9cad-eab8b0ff6c9e","name":"Stem Cell Modulation in Neural Development and Regeneration/ P14-Swim-to-limb transition: cell type to connection diversity"},{"name":"Tools for automation and feedback microscopy","_id":"c08e9ad1-5a5b-11eb-8a69-9d1cf3b07473","grant_number":"CZI01"},{"grant_number":"FTI21-D-046","name":"Development of V1 interneuron diversity during swim-to-walk transition of Xenopus metamorphosis","_id":"bd73af52-d553-11ed-ba76-912049f0ac7a"}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","_id":"21746","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2211-1247"],"issn":["2639-1856"]},"issue":"4","intvolume":"        45","file_date_updated":"2026-05-04T12:20:10Z","doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117227","publication_status":"published","oa":1,"OA_type":"gold","day":"28","year":"2026","title":"Multifold increase in spinal inhibitory cell types with emergence of limb movement","volume":45,"article_number":"117227","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"corr_author":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"As vertebrates transitioned from water to land, locomotion shifted from undulatory swimming to limb-based movement. How spinal circuits and their cell types evolved to support this transition remains unclear. We leverage frog metamorphosis, which recapitulates this transition within a single organism, to define how spinal circuits generate aquatic versus terrestrial motor patterns. At swim stages, spinal architecture is uniform, with a transcriptionally and anatomically homogeneous motor and interneurons. As limbs develop and their movement complexifies, spinal circuits expand in neuron number and subtype diversity. This expansion is most pronounced for V1 inhibitory neurons, which increase ∼70-fold and diversify into transcriptionally distinct subtypes. Disrupting transcription factors defining emerging motor and V1 populations reveals molecular segregation between swim and limb circuits, highlighting the role of subtype diversity in motor coordination. A multifold increase in inhibitory neuron diversity thus underlies the tail-to-limb locomotor transition, providing a framework for spinal circuit adaptation during vertebrate evolution."}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","publication":"Cell Reports","date_updated":"2026-05-04T12:27:06Z","PlanS_conform":"1","scopus_import":"1","ddc":["570"]}]