{"scopus_import":"1","oa_version":"None","publication":"Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"DOAJ_listed":"1","day":"04","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1349-6476"]},"year":"2026","researchdata_availability":"no","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"supplementarymaterial":"yes","dataavailabilitystatement":"Daily rainfall data across Nepal were obtained from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Kathmandu, Nepal (https://dhm.gov.np/). Precipitation data from Pyramid observatory are available from [https://glacioclim.osug.fr/Donnees-du-Nepal-region-du-Khumbu](https:/glacioclim.osug.fr/Donnees-du-Nepal-region-du-Khumbu) . Precipitation data from rain gauges in Rolwaling valley are available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18081206. NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center provided daily OLR data ( [https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cpc\\_blended\\_olr-2.5 deg.html](https:/psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cpc_blended_olr-2.5 deg.html) ). We used infrared brightness temperature data from MSG2 (Meteosat 9)-IODC. The Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University, archived and provided the data (https://ceres.chiba-u.jp/en/ top-eng/). The GPM DPR products are available from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) G-Portal website ( [https://gportal.jaxa.jp/gpr/](https:/gportal.jaxa.jp/gpr) ). The ERA5 data are available from the Copernicus climate-change service (C3S) climate data store (https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6). GMTED2010 data are available from the US Geological Survey (https://topotools.cr.usgs.gov/gmted\\_viewer/viewer.htm).","volume":22,"date_updated":"2026-06-22T11:26:52Z","month":"06","status":"public","PlanS_conform":"1","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (KAKENHI Grants: 22H00176, 22H00033, 22H00037, and 23KK0064). It was partly supported by the 4th Research Announcement on the Earth Observations of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It was partly carried out under the joint research program of Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University and as a joint research program with the Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University (CJ25-43, 2025). We thank James Buxton MSc and Tina Tin PhD from Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/ac), for editing a draft of this manuscript. The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) supports this work (KAKENHI Grants: 22H00176, 22H00033, 22H00037, and 23KK0064).","type":"journal_article","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1007/s44393-026-00024-0","publisher":"Springer Nature","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","citation":{"ista":"Fujinami H, Takahashi N, Kanamori H, Sato Y, Sunako S, Kato M, Higuchi A, Kadel I, Shrestha D, Kayastha RB, Fujita K. 2026. Multiscale aspects of an extreme precipitation event over Nepal in September 2024. Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere. 22, 27.","short":"H. Fujinami, N. Takahashi, H. Kanamori, Y. Sato, S. Sunako, M. Kato, A. Higuchi, I. Kadel, D. Shrestha, R.B. Kayastha, K. Fujita, Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere 22 (2026).","apa":"Fujinami, H., Takahashi, N., Kanamori, H., Sato, Y., Sunako, S., Kato, M., … Fujita, K. (2026). Multiscale aspects of an extreme precipitation event over Nepal in September 2024. <i>Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44393-026-00024-0\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s44393-026-00024-0</a>","chicago":"Fujinami, Hatsuki, Nobuhiro Takahashi, Hironari Kanamori, Yota Sato, Sojiro Sunako, Masaya Kato, Atsushi Higuchi, et al. “Multiscale Aspects of an Extreme Precipitation Event over Nepal in September 2024.” <i>Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere</i>. Springer Nature, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44393-026-00024-0\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s44393-026-00024-0</a>.","ieee":"H. Fujinami <i>et al.</i>, “Multiscale aspects of an extreme precipitation event over Nepal in September 2024,” <i>Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere</i>, vol. 22. Springer Nature, 2026.","mla":"Fujinami, Hatsuki, et al. “Multiscale Aspects of an Extreme Precipitation Event over Nepal in September 2024.” <i>Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere</i>, vol. 22, 27, Springer Nature, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44393-026-00024-0\">10.1007/s44393-026-00024-0</a>.","ama":"Fujinami H, Takahashi N, Kanamori H, et al. Multiscale aspects of an extreme precipitation event over Nepal in September 2024. <i>Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere</i>. 2026;22. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44393-026-00024-0\">10.1007/s44393-026-00024-0</a>"},"date_published":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","article_processing_charge":"Yes","_id":"21995","abstract":[{"text":"On 26–28 September 2024, torrential rainfall struck Nepal during the late monsoon season, causing flooding, landslides and extensive damage. This study examined the multiscale processes contributing to this extreme precipitation event, focusing on intraseasonal oscillations, synoptic-scale circulations, and mesoscale cloud/precipitation systems. A quasi-biweekly intraseasonal oscillation dominated over South Asia during the event, featuring a monsoon low-pressure system over the Indian Peninsula and an anticyclone to its east, both propagating westward. The pressure gradient between them sustained strong southerly moisture transport toward the Himalayas, establishing a persistently humid environment and orographic lift along the southern slopes. In contrast to reports of previous extreme precipitation events in Nepal, the atmospheric circulation responsible for the 2024 event was primarily of tropical origin, with minimal influence from the midlatitudes. Characteristic mesoscale cloud/precipitation systems also developed around the Himalayas. The highest daily precipitation during the event was recorded on 27 September; stratiform systems with relatively modest storm top heights developed over the southern slopes, generating surface precipitation rates of > 100 mm h− 1 through warm-rain processes. Rain gauges across the glacierized basin (3500–5000 m asl) recorded exceptionally high daily and hourly precipitation rates, highlighting the extension of intense rainfall to unusually high elevations.","lang":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-06-22T07:21:04Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_created":"2026-06-14T22:01:42Z","author":[{"full_name":"Fujinami, Hatsuki","last_name":"Fujinami","first_name":"Hatsuki"},{"first_name":"Nobuhiro","last_name":"Takahashi","full_name":"Takahashi, Nobuhiro"},{"first_name":"Hironari","last_name":"Kanamori","full_name":"Kanamori, Hironari"},{"first_name":"Yota","last_name":"Sato","id":"daa9e17a-f2c2-11ef-b968-915e836dea45","full_name":"Sato, Yota"},{"full_name":"Sunako, Sojiro","last_name":"Sunako","first_name":"Sojiro"},{"full_name":"Kato, Masaya","last_name":"Kato","first_name":"Masaya"},{"full_name":"Higuchi, Atsushi","last_name":"Higuchi","first_name":"Atsushi"},{"full_name":"Kadel, Indira","first_name":"Indira","last_name":"Kadel"},{"full_name":"Shrestha, Dibas","last_name":"Shrestha","first_name":"Dibas"},{"first_name":"Rijan B.","last_name":"Kayastha","full_name":"Kayastha, Rijan B."},{"full_name":"Fujita, Koji","last_name":"Fujita","first_name":"Koji"}],"OA_type":"gold","OA_place":"publisher","title":"Multiscale aspects of an extreme precipitation event over Nepal in September 2024","file":[{"relation":"main_file","date_created":"2026-06-22T07:21:04Z","file_id":"22109","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2026-06-22T07:21:04Z","file_name":"2026_SOLA_Fujinami.pdf","success":1,"checksum":"19a217b038756abf44bc49939a01e33c","creator":"dernst","file_size":13308662,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"intvolume":"        22","article_number":"27","ddc":["550"],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"FrPe"}]}