---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - 'Runtime fairness is not a one-time constraint but a dynamic property evaluated
    over a sequence of decisions. To ensure fairness at runtime, it is necessary to
    account for past decisions, information neglected by conventional, static classifiers.
    Traditional fairness shields enforce runtime fairness abruptly, by intervening
    deterministically whenever a sequence of decisions violates the target for a running
    fairness measure. This motivates our main conceptual contribution: energy shields.
    An energy shield is a novel, lightweight, adaptive controller that monitors a
    sequence of decisions and intervenes probabilistically to ensure runtime fairness
    smoothly, by utilizing physics-inspired energy functions to nudge the sequence
    toward fairness: the more unfair the decisions, the stronger the nudging force
    becomes. This makes energy shields the first fairness shields to provide both
    short-term safety and long-term liveness guarantees. Safety ensures that the running
    fairness measure stays within a running target interval with high probability,
    and liveness ensures that the limit of the fairness measure lies within the limit
    target interval. Intuitively, the short-term specifies the tolerated fairness
    values and the long-term specifies the desired fairness values. We also provide
    a synthesis procedure for constructing the least intrusive energy shield for a
    given target specification, and demonstrate its efficiency experimentally. We
    evaluate our energy shields against existing fairness shields through the lens
    of short- and long-term fairness.@eng'
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Filip
      foaf_name: Cano Cordoba, Filip
      foaf_surname: Cano Cordoba
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=708cad98-e86a-11ef-8098-bdae2d7c6af1
    orcid: 0000-0002-0783-904X
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Thomas A
      foaf_name: Henzinger, Thomas A
      foaf_surname: Henzinger
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
    orcid: 0000-0002-2985-7724
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Konstantin
      foaf_name: Kueffner, Konstantin
      foaf_surname: Kueffner
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=8121a2d0-dc85-11ea-9058-af578f3b4515
    orcid: 0000-0001-8974-2542
  bibo_doi: 10.1145/3805689.3806807
  dct_date: 2026^xs_gYear
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Association for Computing Machinery@
  dct_title: Energy shields for fairness@
...