---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '22403'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Linear phase‐contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques
    compatible with high‐throughput 4D‐STEM acquisition are widely used to enhance
    phase contrast in weakly scattering and beam‐sensitive materials. In these modalities,
    contrast transfer is often suppressed at low spatial frequencies, resulting in
    a characteristic contrast gap that limits contrast. Approaches that retain low‐frequency
    phase contrast exist but typically require substantially increased experimental
    complexity, restricting routine use. Dark‐field STEM imaging captures this missing
    low‐frequency information through electrons scattered outside the bright‐field
    disk, but discards a large fraction of the scattered signal and is therefore dose‐inefficient.
    Fused Full‐field STEM (FF‐STEM) is introduced as a 4D‐STEM imaging modality that
    overcomes these limitations by combining ptychographic phase reconstruction with
    tilt‐corrected dark‐field imaging within a single acquisition. Bright‐field data
    are used to estimate probe aberrations and reconstruct a high‐resolution phase
    image, while dark‐field data provide complementary low‐frequency contrast. The
    two channels are fused in Fourier space using Wiener‐band weighting based on the
    spectral signal‐to‐noise ratio, yielding transfer‐gap‐free images with high contrast.
    FF‐STEM preserves the upsampling and depth‐sectioning capabilities of ptychography,
    adds robust low‐frequency contrast characteristic of dark‐field imaging, and enables
    dose‐efficient, near–real‐time reconstruction.
acknowledgement: 'We thank Tadahiro Yokosawa for support and discussions during the
  experiments. This project has received funding from the European Research Council
  (ERC) under the European Union''s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
  (Project HyperScaleEM, Grant agreement No. 101164581) and from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  (DFG, German Research Foundation) through the Research Training Group GRK 3103 CorMic:
  Korrelative Materialmikroskopie – Von nanostrukturierten funktionalen Filmen zu
  hierarchischen Funktionsmaterialien (project number 537140136). B.Z. and X.Y. were
  supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under award CHE-2404338. X.Y.
  also thanks the Principal Investigator Development in Sustainability Grant from
  the American Chemical Society.'
article_number: e76620
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Shengbo
  full_name: You, Shengbo
  last_name: You
- first_name: Georgios
  full_name: Varnavides, Georgios
  last_name: Varnavides
- first_name: Sagar
  full_name: Khavnekar, Sagar
  last_name: Khavnekar
- first_name: Nikita
  full_name: Palatkin, Nikita
  last_name: Palatkin
- first_name: Sihan
  full_name: Shao, Sihan
  last_name: Shao
- first_name: Mingjian
  full_name: Wu, Mingjian
  last_name: Wu
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Stroppa, Daniel
  last_name: Stroppa
- first_name: Darya
  full_name: Chernikova, Darya
  id: 7dbaf460-fa9e-11eb-b0ca-bc7c7ff21ad0
  last_name: Chernikova
- first_name: Baixu
  full_name: Zhu, Baixu
  last_name: Zhu
- first_name: Ricardo
  full_name: Egoavil, Ricardo
  last_name: Egoavil
- first_name: Stefano
  full_name: Vespucci, Stefano
  last_name: Vespucci
- first_name: Dileep
  full_name: Krishnan, Dileep
  last_name: Krishnan
- first_name: Xingchen
  full_name: Ye, Xingchen
  last_name: Ye
- first_name: Florian KM
  full_name: Schur, Florian KM
  id: 48AD8942-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Schur
  orcid: 0000-0003-4790-8078
- first_name: Erdmann
  full_name: Spiecker, Erdmann
  last_name: Spiecker
- first_name: Philipp
  full_name: Pelz, Philipp
  last_name: Pelz
citation:
  ama: You S, Varnavides G, Khavnekar S, et al. Gap‐free information transfer in 4D‐STEM
    via fusion of complementary scattering channels. <i>Advanced Science</i>. 2026.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.76620">10.1002/advs.76620</a>
  apa: You, S., Varnavides, G., Khavnekar, S., Palatkin, N., Shao, S., Wu, M., … Pelz,
    P. (2026). Gap‐free information transfer in 4D‐STEM via fusion of complementary
    scattering channels. <i>Advanced Science</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.76620">https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.76620</a>
  chicago: You, Shengbo, Georgios Varnavides, Sagar Khavnekar, Nikita Palatkin, Sihan
    Shao, Mingjian Wu, Daniel Stroppa, et al. “Gap‐free Information Transfer in 4D‐STEM
    via Fusion of Complementary Scattering Channels.” <i>Advanced Science</i>. Wiley,
    2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.76620">https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.76620</a>.
  ieee: S. You <i>et al.</i>, “Gap‐free information transfer in 4D‐STEM via fusion
    of complementary scattering channels,” <i>Advanced Science</i>. Wiley, 2026.
  ista: You S, Varnavides G, Khavnekar S, Palatkin N, Shao S, Wu M, Stroppa D, Chernikova
    D, Zhu B, Egoavil R, Vespucci S, Krishnan D, Ye X, Schur FK, Spiecker E, Pelz
    P. 2026. Gap‐free information transfer in 4D‐STEM via fusion of complementary
    scattering channels. Advanced Science., e76620.
  mla: You, Shengbo, et al. “Gap‐free Information Transfer in 4D‐STEM via Fusion of
    Complementary Scattering Channels.” <i>Advanced Science</i>, e76620, Wiley, 2026,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.76620">10.1002/advs.76620</a>.
  short: S. You, G. Varnavides, S. Khavnekar, N. Palatkin, S. Shao, M. Wu, D. Stroppa,
    D. Chernikova, B. Zhu, R. Egoavil, S. Vespucci, D. Krishnan, X. Ye, F.K. Schur,
    E. Spiecker, P. Pelz, Advanced Science (2026).
das_tickbox: '1'
dataavailabilitystatement: The data that support the findings of this study are openly
  available in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18008901. The reconstruction
  code is available as an open-source repository at the scatterem github repo.
date_created: 2026-07-26T19:01:34Z
date_published: 2026-07-23T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-07-27T06:04:57Z
day: '23'
ddc:
- '570'
- '600'
department:
- _id: FlSc
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1002/advs.76620
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2512.19460'
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.76620
month: '07'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Advanced Science
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2198-3844
publication_status: epub_ahead
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
researchdata_availability: yes
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
supplementarymaterial: yes
title: Gap‐free information transfer in 4D‐STEM via fusion of complementary scattering
  channels
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2026'
...