---
OA_type: closed access
_id: '22471'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Extreme climate conditions can dramatically alter ecosystems and are expected
    to become more common in thefuture; however, our understanding of species and
    ecosystem responses to extreme conditions is limited. Wemust meet this challenge
    by designing experiments that cover broad ranges of environmental stress, extendingto
    levels well beyond those observed currently. Such experiments are important because
    they can identify phys-iological, community, and biogeochemical thresholds, and
    improve our understanding of mechanistic ecologi-cal responses to climate extremes.
    Although natural environmental gradients can be used to observe a range ofecological
    responses, manipulation experiments – including those that impose drought and
    heat gradients – arenecessary to induce variation beyond common limits. Importantly,
    manipulation experiments allow for deter-mination of the cause and effect of species
    and ecosystem threshold responses. We present a rationale and rec-ommendations
    for conducting extreme experiments that extend beyond the historical and even
    the predictedranges of environmental conditions.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Zachary E
  full_name: Kayler, Zachary E
  last_name: Kayler
- first_name: Hans J
  full_name: De Boeck, Hans J
  last_name: De Boeck
- first_name: Simone
  full_name: Fatichi, Simone
  id: cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6
  last_name: Fatichi
- first_name: José M
  full_name: Grünzweig, José M
  last_name: Grünzweig
- first_name: Lutz
  full_name: Merbold, Lutz
  last_name: Merbold
- first_name: Claus
  full_name: Beier, Claus
  last_name: Beier
- first_name: Nathan
  full_name: McDowell, Nathan
  last_name: McDowell
- first_name: Jeffrey S
  full_name: Dukes, Jeffrey S
  last_name: Dukes
citation:
  ama: Kayler ZE, De Boeck HJ, Fatichi S, et al. Experiments to confront the environmental
    extremes of climate change. <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i>. 2015;13(4):219-225.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1890/140174">10.1890/140174</a>
  apa: Kayler, Z. E., De Boeck, H. J., Fatichi, S., Grünzweig, J. M., Merbold, L.,
    Beier, C., … Dukes, J. S. (2015). Experiments to confront the environmental extremes
    of climate change. <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i>. Wiley. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1890/140174">https://doi.org/10.1890/140174</a>
  chicago: Kayler, Zachary E, Hans J De Boeck, Simone Fatichi, José M Grünzweig, Lutz
    Merbold, Claus Beier, Nathan McDowell, and Jeffrey S Dukes. “Experiments to Confront
    the Environmental Extremes of Climate Change.” <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the
    Environment</i>. Wiley, 2015. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1890/140174">https://doi.org/10.1890/140174</a>.
  ieee: Z. E. Kayler <i>et al.</i>, “Experiments to confront the environmental extremes
    of climate change,” <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i>, vol. 13,
    no. 4. Wiley, pp. 219–225, 2015.
  ista: Kayler ZE, De Boeck HJ, Fatichi S, Grünzweig JM, Merbold L, Beier C, McDowell
    N, Dukes JS. 2015. Experiments to confront the environmental extremes of climate
    change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 13(4), 219–225.
  mla: Kayler, Zachary E., et al. “Experiments to Confront the Environmental Extremes
    of Climate Change.” <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i>, vol. 13,
    no. 4, Wiley, 2015, pp. 219–25, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1890/140174">10.1890/140174</a>.
  short: Z.E. Kayler, H.J. De Boeck, S. Fatichi, J.M. Grünzweig, L. Merbold, C. Beier,
    N. McDowell, J.S. Dukes, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13 (2015) 219–225.
das_tickbox: '1'
date_created: 2026-07-27T12:30:23Z
date_published: 2015-05-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-12T13:41:24Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1890/140174
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        13'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa_version: None
page: 219-225
publication: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1540-9309
  issn:
  - 1540-9295
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Experiments to confront the environmental extremes of climate change
type: journal_article
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
volume: 13
year: '2015'
...