---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - "Cropland cultivation is fundamental to food security and plays a crucial role
    in the global water, energy, and carbon cycles. However, our understanding of
    how climate change will impact cropland functions is still limited. This knowledge
    gap is partly due to the simplifications made in terrestrial biosphere models
    (TBMs), which often overlook essential agricultural management practices such
    as irrigation and fertilizer application and simplify critical physiological crop
    processes.\r\nHere, we demonstrate how, with minor, parsimonious enhancements
    to the TBM T&C, it is possible to accurately represent a complex cropland system.
    Our modified model, T&C-CROP, incorporates realistic agricultural management practices,
    including complex crop rotations and irrigation and fertilization regimes, along
    with their effects on soil biogeochemical cycling. We successfully validate T&C-CROP
    across four distinct agricultural sites, encompassing diverse cropping systems
    such as multi-crop rotations, monoculture, and managed grassland.\r\nA comprehensive
    validation of T&C-CROP was conducted, encompassing water, energy, and carbon fluxes;
    leaf area index (LAI); and organ-specific yields. Our model effectively captured
    the heterogeneity in daily land surface energy balances across crop sites, achieving
    coefficients of determination of 0.77, 0.48, and 0.87 for observed versus simulated
    net radiation (Rn), sensible heat flux (H), and latent heat flux (LE), respectively.
    Seasonal, crop-specific gross primary production (GPP) was simulated with an average
    absolute bias of less than 10 %. Peak-season LAI was accurately represented, with
    an r2 of 0.67. Harvested yields (above-ground biomass, grain, and straw) were
    generally simulated within 10 %–20 % accuracy of observed values, although inter-annual
    variations in crop-specific growth were difficult to capture.@eng"
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Jordi
      foaf_name: Buckley Paules, Jordi
      foaf_surname: Buckley Paules
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Simone
      foaf_name: Fatichi, Simone
      foaf_surname: Fatichi
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Bonnie
      foaf_name: Warring, Bonnie
      foaf_surname: Warring
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Athanasios
      foaf_name: Paschalis, Athanasios
      foaf_surname: Paschalis
  bibo_doi: 10.5194/gmd-18-1287-2025
  bibo_issue: '4'
  bibo_volume: 18
  dct_date: 2025^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/1991-959X
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/1991-9603
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Copernicus Publications@
  dct_title: 'T&C-CROP: representing mechanistic crop growth with a terrestrial biosphere
    model (T&C, v1.5) – model formulation and validation@'
...