---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
_id: '22525'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Cropland cultivation is fundamental to food security and plays a crucial
role in the global water, energy, and carbon cycles. However, our understanding
of how climate change will impact cropland functions is still limited. This knowledge
gap is partly due to the simplifications made in terrestrial biosphere models
(TBMs), which often overlook essential agricultural management practices such
as irrigation and fertilizer application and simplify critical physiological crop
processes.\r\nHere, we demonstrate how, with minor, parsimonious enhancements
to the TBM T&C, it is possible to accurately represent a complex cropland system.
Our modified model, T&C-CROP, incorporates realistic agricultural management practices,
including complex crop rotations and irrigation and fertilization regimes, along
with their effects on soil biogeochemical cycling. We successfully validate T&C-CROP
across four distinct agricultural sites, encompassing diverse cropping systems
such as multi-crop rotations, monoculture, and managed grassland.\r\nA comprehensive
validation of T&C-CROP was conducted, encompassing water, energy, and carbon fluxes;
leaf area index (LAI); and organ-specific yields. Our model effectively captured
the heterogeneity in daily land surface energy balances across crop sites, achieving
coefficients of determination of 0.77, 0.48, and 0.87 for observed versus simulated
net radiation (Rn), sensible heat flux (H), and latent heat flux (LE), respectively.
Seasonal, crop-specific gross primary production (GPP) was simulated with an average
absolute bias of less than 10 %. Peak-season LAI was accurately represented, with
an r2 of 0.67. Harvested yields (above-ground biomass, grain, and straw) were
generally simulated within 10 %–20 % accuracy of observed values, although inter-annual
variations in crop-specific growth were difficult to capture."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Jordi
full_name: Buckley Paules, Jordi
last_name: Buckley Paules
- first_name: Simone
full_name: Fatichi, Simone
id: cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6
last_name: Fatichi
- first_name: Bonnie
full_name: Warring, Bonnie
last_name: Warring
- first_name: Athanasios
full_name: Paschalis, Athanasios
last_name: Paschalis
citation:
ama: 'Buckley Paules J, Fatichi S, Warring B, Paschalis A. T&C-CROP: representing
mechanistic crop growth with a terrestrial biosphere model (T&C, v1.5) – model
formulation and validation. Geoscientific Model Development. 2025;18(4):1287-1305.
doi:10.5194/gmd-18-1287-2025'
apa: 'Buckley Paules, J., Fatichi, S., Warring, B., & Paschalis, A. (2025).
T&C-CROP: representing mechanistic crop growth with a terrestrial biosphere
model (T&C, v1.5) – model formulation and validation. Geoscientific Model
Development. Copernicus Publications. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1287-2025'
chicago: 'Buckley Paules, Jordi, Simone Fatichi, Bonnie Warring, and Athanasios
Paschalis. “T&C-CROP: Representing Mechanistic Crop Growth with a Terrestrial
Biosphere Model (T&C, v1.5) – Model Formulation and Validation.” Geoscientific
Model Development. Copernicus Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1287-2025.'
ieee: 'J. Buckley Paules, S. Fatichi, B. Warring, and A. Paschalis, “T&C-CROP:
representing mechanistic crop growth with a terrestrial biosphere model (T&C,
v1.5) – model formulation and validation,” Geoscientific Model Development,
vol. 18, no. 4. Copernicus Publications, pp. 1287–1305, 2025.'
ista: 'Buckley Paules J, Fatichi S, Warring B, Paschalis A. 2025. T&C-CROP:
representing mechanistic crop growth with a terrestrial biosphere model (T&C,
v1.5) – model formulation and validation. Geoscientific Model Development. 18(4),
1287–1305.'
mla: 'Buckley Paules, Jordi, et al. “T&C-CROP: Representing Mechanistic Crop
Growth with a Terrestrial Biosphere Model (T&C, v1.5) – Model Formulation
and Validation.” Geoscientific Model Development, vol. 18, no. 4, Copernicus
Publications, 2025, pp. 1287–305, doi:10.5194/gmd-18-1287-2025.'
short: J. Buckley Paules, S. Fatichi, B. Warring, A. Paschalis, Geoscientific Model
Development 18 (2025) 1287–1305.
das_tickbox: '1'
date_created: 2026-07-27T12:30:24Z
date_published: 2025-03-03T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-07T10:31:51Z
day: '03'
doi: 10.5194/gmd-18-1287-2025
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 18'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1287-2025
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1287-1305
publication: Geoscientific Model Development
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1991-9603
issn:
- 1991-959X
publication_status: published
publisher: Copernicus Publications
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'T&C-CROP: representing mechanistic crop growth with a terrestrial biosphere
model (T&C, v1.5) – model formulation and validation'
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
volume: 18
year: '2025'
...