[{"volume":"662, Part B","year":"2025","title":"Long-term hydrological budget over urban areas: approaches and challenges","date_created":"2026-07-27T12:30:24Z","date_published":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","article_processing_charge":"No","article_type":"original","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Lin Xu, Yexia","last_name":"Lin Xu","first_name":"Yexia"},{"full_name":"Meili, Naika","last_name":"Meili","first_name":"Naika"},{"last_name":"Fatichi","first_name":"Simone","id":"cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6","full_name":"Fatichi, Simone"}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2026-08-07T10:37:29Z","publication_status":"published","extern":"1","month":"12","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000","_id":"22539","user_id":"ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd","scopus_import":"1","citation":{"ama":"Lin Xu Y, Meili N, Fatichi S. Long-term hydrological budget over urban areas: approaches and challenges. <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>. 2025;662, Part B. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000\">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000</a>","ieee":"Y. Lin Xu, N. Meili, and S. Fatichi, “Long-term hydrological budget over urban areas: approaches and challenges,” <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>, vol. 662, Part B. Elsevier, 2025.","short":"Y. Lin Xu, N. Meili, S. Fatichi, Journal of Hydrology 662, Part B (2025).","ista":"Lin Xu Y, Meili N, Fatichi S. 2025. Long-term hydrological budget over urban areas: approaches and challenges. Journal of Hydrology. 662, Part B, 134000.","mla":"Lin Xu, Yexia, et al. “Long-Term Hydrological Budget over Urban Areas: Approaches and Challenges.” <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>, vol. 662, Part B, 134000, Elsevier, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000\">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000</a>.","chicago":"Lin Xu, Yexia, Naika Meili, and Simone Fatichi. “Long-Term Hydrological Budget over Urban Areas: Approaches and Challenges.” <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>. Elsevier, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000</a>.","apa":"Lin Xu, Y., Meili, N., &#38; Fatichi, S. (2025). Long-term hydrological budget over urban areas: approaches and challenges. <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000</a>"},"article_number":"134000","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Urbanization is projected to add 2.5 billion more urban residents by 2050. The resulting increases in impervious surfaces leads to altered hydrologic processes through greater runoff and reduced transpiration. Urban landscapes, characterized by heterogeneous land covers and infiltration rates, complicates the modeling of the urban water cycle. Existing models tend to focus on event-scale floods and thereby overlooking long-term hydrological alterations, as they often oversimplify hydrological processes such as soil moisture dynamics or evapotranspiration.\r\nAccurately projecting the long-term hydrological budget over cities is essential to better understand water resources availability for water sensitive urban design and to guide urban greening initiatives with the purpose of improving urban water management. Using Singapore —a densely populated tropical city-state committed to water harvesting— as a testbed, this study compares two modeling approaches to resolve the long-term urban hydrological budget. The Urban Tethys & Chloris (UT&C) model offers realistic representations of urban features, microclimate and hydrology, although it is computationally intensive. In contrast, the Tethys & Chloris (T&C) model, originally developed for natural environments, modified here to incorporate simplified urban features, is simpler and faster allowing fully distributed simulations.\r\nFindings suggest that while UT&C results may offer a more reliable representation at local scales, accounting for microclimatic feedback and two-dimensional urban geometries, both models yield similar hydrological budget insights when integrated at the city scale – at least in the wet climate of Singapore. Vegetation fraction emerges as the primary control on total evapotranspiration. T&C’s reduced computational demand, and native support for distributed hydrological modeling make it well-suited for city-wide simulations. The overall study underscores the complexities and feasibility of modeling long-term hydrological processes in urban environments."}],"oa_version":"None","publisher":"Elsevier","das_tickbox":"1","OA_type":"closed access","day":"01","type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1879-2707"],"issn":["0022-1694"]},"status":"public","publication":"Journal of Hydrology"}]