---
OA_type: closed access
_id: '22539'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Urbanization is projected to add 2.5 billion more urban residents by 2050.
    The resulting increases in impervious surfaces leads to altered hydrologic processes
    through greater runoff and reduced transpiration. Urban landscapes, characterized
    by heterogeneous land covers and infiltration rates, complicates the modeling
    of the urban water cycle. Existing models tend to focus on event-scale floods
    and thereby overlooking long-term hydrological alterations, as they often oversimplify
    hydrological processes such as soil moisture dynamics or evapotranspiration.\r\nAccurately
    projecting the long-term hydrological budget over cities is essential to better
    understand water resources availability for water sensitive urban design and to
    guide urban greening initiatives with the purpose of improving urban water management.
    Using Singapore —a densely populated tropical city-state committed to water harvesting—
    as a testbed, this study compares two modeling approaches to resolve the long-term
    urban hydrological budget. The Urban Tethys & Chloris (UT&C) model offers realistic
    representations of urban features, microclimate and hydrology, although it is
    computationally intensive. In contrast, the Tethys & Chloris (T&C) model, originally
    developed for natural environments, modified here to incorporate simplified urban
    features, is simpler and faster allowing fully distributed simulations.\r\nFindings
    suggest that while UT&C results may offer a more reliable representation at local
    scales, accounting for microclimatic feedback and two-dimensional urban geometries,
    both models yield similar hydrological budget insights when integrated at the
    city scale – at least in the wet climate of Singapore. Vegetation fraction emerges
    as the primary control on total evapotranspiration. T&C’s reduced computational
    demand, and native support for distributed hydrological modeling make it well-suited
    for city-wide simulations. The overall study underscores the complexities and
    feasibility of modeling long-term hydrological processes in urban environments."
article_number: '134000'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Yexia
  full_name: Lin Xu, Yexia
  last_name: Lin Xu
- first_name: Naika
  full_name: Meili, Naika
  last_name: Meili
- first_name: Simone
  full_name: Fatichi, Simone
  id: cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6
  last_name: Fatichi
citation:
  ama: 'Lin Xu Y, Meili N, Fatichi S. Long-term hydrological budget over urban areas:
    approaches and challenges. <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>. 2025;662, Part B. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000</a>'
  apa: 'Lin Xu, Y., Meili, N., &#38; Fatichi, S. (2025). Long-term hydrological budget
    over urban areas: approaches and challenges. <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>. Elsevier.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000</a>'
  chicago: 'Lin Xu, Yexia, Naika Meili, and Simone Fatichi. “Long-Term Hydrological
    Budget over Urban Areas: Approaches and Challenges.” <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>.
    Elsevier, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000</a>.'
  ieee: 'Y. Lin Xu, N. Meili, and S. Fatichi, “Long-term hydrological budget over
    urban areas: approaches and challenges,” <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>, vol. 662,
    Part B. Elsevier, 2025.'
  ista: 'Lin Xu Y, Meili N, Fatichi S. 2025. Long-term hydrological budget over urban
    areas: approaches and challenges. Journal of Hydrology. 662, Part B, 134000.'
  mla: 'Lin Xu, Yexia, et al. “Long-Term Hydrological Budget over Urban Areas: Approaches
    and Challenges.” <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>, vol. 662, Part B, 134000, Elsevier,
    2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000</a>.'
  short: Y. Lin Xu, N. Meili, S. Fatichi, Journal of Hydrology 662, Part B (2025).
das_tickbox: '1'
date_created: 2026-07-27T12:30:24Z
date_published: 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-07T10:37:29Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134000
extern: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '12'
oa_version: None
publication: Journal of Hydrology
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1879-2707
  issn:
  - 0022-1694
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Long-term hydrological budget over urban areas: approaches and challenges'
type: journal_article
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
volume: 662, Part B
year: '2025'
...