---
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: free access
_id: '22542'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Temporal dynamics of urban warming have been extensivelystudied at the diurnal
    scale, but the impact of background cli-mate on the observed seasonality of surface
    urban heat islands(SUHIs) remains largely unexplored. On seasonal time scales,
    theintensity of urban–rural surface temperature differences (∆Ts)exhibits distinctive
    hysteretic cycles whose shape and loopingdirection vary across climatic zones.
    These observations high-light possible delays underlying the dynamics of the coupledurban–biosphere
    system. However, a general argument explain-ing the observed hysteretic patterns
    remains elusive. A coarse-grained model of SUHI coupled with a stochastic soil
    waterbalance is developed to demonstrate that the time lags betweenradiation forcing,
    air temperature, and rainfall generate a rate-dependent hysteresis, explaining
    the observed seasonal varia-tions of ∆Ts. If solar radiation is in phase with
    water availability,summer conditions cause strong SUHI intensities due to highrural
    evaporative cooling. Conversely, cities in seasonally dryregions where evapotranspiration
    is out of phase with radia-tion show a summertime oasis effect controlled by backgroundclimate
    and vegetation properties. These seasonal patterns ofwarming and cooling have
    significant implications for heat mit-igation strategies as urban green spaces
    can reduce ∆Ts duringsummertime, while potentially negative effects of albedo
    man-agement during winter are mitigated by the seasonality of solarradiation.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Gabriele
  full_name: Manoli, Gabriele
  last_name: Manoli
- first_name: Simone
  full_name: Fatichi, Simone
  id: cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6
  last_name: Fatichi
- first_name: Elie
  full_name: Bou-Zeid, Elie
  last_name: Bou-Zeid
- first_name: Gabriel G.
  full_name: Katul, Gabriel G.
  last_name: Katul
citation:
  ama: Manoli G, Fatichi S, Bou-Zeid E, Katul GG. Seasonal hysteresis of surface urban
    heat islands. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. 2020;117(13):7082-7089.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917554117">10.1073/pnas.1917554117</a>
  apa: Manoli, G., Fatichi, S., Bou-Zeid, E., &#38; Katul, G. G. (2020). Seasonal
    hysteresis of surface urban heat islands. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy
    of Sciences</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917554117">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917554117</a>
  chicago: Manoli, Gabriele, Simone Fatichi, Elie Bou-Zeid, and Gabriel G. Katul.
    “Seasonal Hysteresis of Surface Urban Heat Islands.” <i>Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917554117">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917554117</a>.
  ieee: G. Manoli, S. Fatichi, E. Bou-Zeid, and G. G. Katul, “Seasonal hysteresis
    of surface urban heat islands,” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>,
    vol. 117, no. 13. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 7082–7089, 2020.
  ista: Manoli G, Fatichi S, Bou-Zeid E, Katul GG. 2020. Seasonal hysteresis of surface
    urban heat islands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117(13),
    7082–7089.
  mla: Manoli, Gabriele, et al. “Seasonal Hysteresis of Surface Urban Heat Islands.”
    <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, vol. 117, no. 13, National
    Academy of Sciences, 2020, pp. 7082–89, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917554117">10.1073/pnas.1917554117</a>.
  short: G. Manoli, S. Fatichi, E. Bou-Zeid, G.G. Katul, Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences 117 (2020) 7082–7089.
das_tickbox: '1'
date_created: 2026-07-27T12:30:24Z
date_published: 2020-03-31T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-07T09:21:58Z
day: '31'
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1917554117
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '32184330 '
intvolume: '       117'
issue: '13'
keyword:
- Cities
- Hysteresis
- Seasonality
- Surface temperature
- Urban heat island
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917554117
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 7082-7089
pmid: 1
publication: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1091-6490
  issn:
  - 0027-8424
publication_status: published
publisher: National Academy of Sciences
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Seasonal hysteresis of surface urban heat islands
type: journal_article
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
volume: 117
year: '2020'
...